TABLE 4.
Effects of beef feeding on the microbiota of humans1
| Impact on microbial community | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (M/F) | Participants’ age | Beef | Other diet | Duration | Increase | Decrease | Reference |
| 23 (17/6) | 62.4 y | HRM (300 g/d), and HRM + HAMSB | Crossover design | 4 wk/diet | HRM:NCŦHAMSB:Firmicutes (P)*↑Ruminococcus bromii*↑Clostridium coccoides group*↑Clostridium leptum group*↑Lactobacillus spp.Bacteroidetes (P) *↑Parabacteroides distasonis | HRM:NCŦHAMSB:Proteobacteria (P) *↓Escherichia coli Firmicutes (P) *↓Ruminococcus gnavus*↓Ruminococcus torques | 66 |
| 27 (18/9) | 40–85 y | PRM (240 g/ d), and RM (240 g) | No meat | 1 wk | PRM:NCRM:NC | PRM:Actinobacteria (P) ↓Bifidobacterium(G)RM:NC | 67 |
| 45 (N/A) | 5 mo | Pureed red meat (71 g/ d) | Fortified cereal | 20 wk | ↑Firmicutes (P)*↑Clostridium group XIVa | ↓Proteobacteria (P)↓Enterobacteriaceae (F) | 63 |
| Iron-fortified cereal | 20 wk | *↑Actinobacteria (P)Firmicutes (P)*↑Bacilli (C) | *↓Bacteroidetes (P) | ||||
| 10 (10/0) | N/A | High red meat (380 g) | No meat | 4 wk/diet | Actinobacteria (P)*↑Bifidobacterium adolescentis Bacteroidetes (P)*↑Bacteroides (G) ↑Bacteroides fragilis | — | 65 |
| 18 (18/0) | 18–45 y | Beef hydrolysate (10 g) + whey isolate (10 g) | Carbohydrate | 10 wk | ↑Bacteroidetes (P)↑Bacteroides (G) | Firmicutes (P)*↓Bacilli(C)*↓Lactobacillales | 64 |
| Actinobacteria (P)*↓Bifidobacterium longumProteobacteria(P) ↓Citrobacter(G)*↓Synergistetes(P)*↓Synergistia(C)*↓Synergistales(O)Firmicutes(P)*↓Blautia(G)*↓Coprococcus(G)*↓Lachnospiraceae(F)*↓Roseburia(G) | |||||||
1
C, class; F, family; G, genus; HAMSB, high-lean red meat + butyrylated high-amylose maize starch; HRM, high-lean red meat; NCŦ, no changes between baseline and following 4 wk of HRM; O, order; P, phylum; PRM, processed red meat; RM, red meat. Arrows indicate reported changes: ↑, increased; ↓, decreased. Taxa (phyla) without arrows are listed for clarification. *Significant change, P < 0.05. Arrows without * indicate changes based on relative abundance.