TABLE 2.

Mean daily macronutrient consumption on a KD versus CON diet and βHB concentration in healthy subjects included in the systematic review by parallel and crossover/longitudinal study designs¹

		KD						CON
	βHB, mmol/L	Fat		CHO		PRO		Fat		CHO		PRO
First author (ref)		g/d	%E	g/d	%E	g/d	%E	g/d	%E	g/d	%E	g/d	%E
Parallel studies
Burke et al. (16)	1.922	312	78	33	4	144	18	77	20	549	63	138	17
Burke et al. (37)	0.802	326	78	35	4	144	16	69	18	534	65	127	15
Cipryan et al. (15)	0.402	120	62	35	8	128	30	92	36	270	47	90	17
Dostal et al. (33)	0.442	149	69	40	8	113	23	67	45	201	34	82	21
Fleming et al. (17)	0.293	158	61	47	8	181	31	50	25	268	59	73	16
Kephart et al. (35)	1.562	170	79	15	3	89	18	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
LaFountain et al. (36)	1.002	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
McSwiney et al. (18)	0.503	259	77	45	6	128	17	59	20	430	65	99	15
Vargas-Molina et al. (34)	NR	122	64	39	9	115	27	51	23	282	57	97	20
Wilson et al. (32)	1.402	217	75	31	5	134	20	83	25	318	55	132	20
Crossover studies
Greene et al. (26)	0.402	159	69	42	8	118	23	76	33	230	45	113	12
Heatherly et al. (27)	0.702	134	64	33	7	90	29	119	38	303	43	134	19
Phinney et al. (12)	1.282	290	84	17	2	107	14	96	28	432	56	128	16
Prins et al. (28)	0.552	226	69	43	6	184	25	89	28	402	56	106	15
Shaw et al. (29)	0.942	284	78	33	4	147	18	132	38	336	43	149	19
Sjodin et al. (30)	1.323	206	76	24	4	111	19	88	33	259	44	115	20
Zinn et al. (31)	0.5 – 4.22,4	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR

¹Values are means in grams per day or % of total calorie intake. CHO, carbohydrate; CON, mixed macronutrient control diet; KD, ketogenic diet; NR, not reported; PRO, protein; ref, reference; βHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; %E, percentage of energy.

²βHB measured in whole blood.

³βHB measured in serum, presented for KD only.

⁴Data presented as range.