TABLE 1.
Summary of maternal demographic, metabolic, and obstetric characteristics and infant feeding practices1
| Characteristic | Values |
|---|---|
| Baseline, gestation, and delivery | |
| Ethnicity | |
| White | 53 (57.0) |
| Asian (Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino) | 21 (22.6) |
| Other (South Asian, black, other) | 19 (20.4) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 4.6 |
| Healthy (18.5–24.9) | 57 (61.3) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 27 (29.0) |
| Obese (>30) | 9 (9.7) |
| Glucose tolerance status | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 21 (22.6) |
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 16 (17.2) |
| Normoglycemic | 56 (60.2) |
| Mode of delivery | |
| Vaginal | 52 (55.9) |
| Scheduled cesarean section | 19 (20.4) |
| Unscheduled cesarean section | 22 (23.7) |
| Three months postpartum | |
| Current BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5 ± 5.0 |
| Healthy (18.5–24.9) | 38 (40.9) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 41 (44.1) |
| Obese (>30) | 14 (15.0) |
| Human milk exclusivity | 47 (50.5) |
| Mixed formula feeding | 46 (49.5) |
| Frequency of direct breastfeeding, n/d | 6.9 ± 2.4 |
1
Values are means ± SDs or frequencies (%); n = 93.