TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants in the PREDIMED trial at baseline and year 11
| Characteristic | All participants | Participants with low walnut intake (tertile 1) | Participants with high walnut intake (tertile 3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PREDIMED—baseline (discovery cohort) | |||
| Participants, n | 1833 | 691 | 467 |
| Age, y | 67 ± 6 | 67 ± 6 | 67 ± 6 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1055 (57.6) | 420 (60.8) | 247 (52.9) |
| Prevalent type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 492 (26.8) | 209 (30.2) | 110 (23.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.9 ± 3.5 | 30.4 ± 3.7 | 29.2 ± 3.3 |
| Physical activity, Mets-min/wk | 254 ± 255 | 215 ± 226 | 278 ± 243 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 287 (15.7) | 106 (15.3) | 67 (14.3) |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 1408 (76.8) | 513 (74.2) | 377 (80.7) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 1599 (87.2) | 602 (87.1) | 400 (85.7) |
| Family history of coronary heart disease, n (%) | 451 (24.6) | 172 (24.9) | 106 (22.7) |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2283 ± 544 | 2150 ± 538 | 2446 ± 541 |
| Walnuts intake, g/d | 6 ± 9 | 0 ± 0 | 19 ± 8 |
| Total nuts intake, g/d | 11 ± 13 | 2 ± 7 | 28 ± 14 |
| Total dairy intake, g/d | 375 ± 221 | 364 ± 21 | 379 ± 230 |
| Vegetable intake, g/d | 332 ± 150 | 312 ± 35 | 359 ± 172 |
| Fruit intake, g/d | 361 ± 197 | 340 ± 198 | 401 ± 198 |
| Legume intake, g/d | 20 ± 13 | 20 ± 14 | 21 ± 11 |
| Grain intake, g/d | 231 ± 101 | 220 ± 104 | 236 ± 100 |
| Meat intake, g/d | 134 ± 56 | 132 ± 57 | 132 ± 57 |
| Fish intake, g/d | 101 ± 53 | 92 ± 47 | 105 ± 49 |
| Egg intake, g/d | 20 ± 11 | 19 ± 11 | 19 ± 10 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 9 ± 15 | 8 ± 15 | 11 ± 16 |
| PREDIMED—year 1 (internal replication cohort) | |||
| Participants, n | 1522 | 531 | 347 |
| Age, y | 68 ± 6 | 68 ± 6 | 67 ± 6 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 875 (57.5) | 320 (60.3) | 190 (54.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 3.7 | 30.3 ± 3.8 | 29.3 ± 3.6 |
| Prevalent type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 463 (30.4) | 190 (35.8) | 104 (30.0) |
| Physical activity, Mets-min/wk | 247 ± 255 | 230 ± 244 | 224 ± 211 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 215 (14.3) | 81 (15.4) | 52 (15.0) |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 1153 (75.8) | 383 (72.1) | 266 (76.7) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 1318 (86.6) | 457 (86.1) | 294 (84.7) |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 2285 ± 544 | 2077 ± 510 | 2574 ± 536 |
| Walnuts intake, g/d | 11 ± 12 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 30 ± 10 |
| Total nuts intake, g/d | 21 ± 23 | 3 ± 5 | 55 ± 22 |
| Total dairy intake, g/d | 366 ± 214 | 364 ± 220 | 369 ± 211 |
| Vegetable intake, g/d | 345 ± 137 | 329 ± 140 | 381 ± 145 |
| Fruit intake, g/d | 389 ± 195 | 368 ± 196 | 422 ± 223 |
| Legume intake, g/d | 22 ± 11 | 22 ± 11 | 23 ± 10 |
| Grain intake, g/d | 225 ± 93 | 215 ± 96 | 232 ± 91 |
| Meat intake, g/d | 124 ± 51 | 122 ± 51 | 127 ± 56 |
| Fish intake, g/d | 106 ± 45 | 98 ± 45 | 116 ± 46 |
| Egg intake, g/d | 20 ± 11 | 20 ± 12 | 21 ± 9 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 8 ± 13 | 7 ± 12 | 9 ± 13 |
1
Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables or number and percentages for categorical variables. Mets, metabolic-equivant hours; PREDIMED, PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea.