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. 2020 Nov 13;151(2):330–340. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa310

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Impact of mode of delivery and antibiotic exposure on breast milk microbiota according to maternal diet clusters. Multivariate redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) showed significant differences in breast milk microbial communities between maternal diet clusters depending on antibiotic exposure and mode of delivery: vaginal/nonantibiotics (A) and C-section/antibiotics (B). Cluster I (n = 40) (green) and Cluster II (n = 72) (red). Breast milk microbiota profiles at phylum level (C) and at genus level (D) according to maternal diet cluster and mode of delivery and antibiotic exposure. C-section, cesarean section; PC1, principal component 1; VAG, vaginal delivery.