TABLE 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Competing Risk Survival Analysis Regression Results for Identifying Factors Associated With CKD Development Since Enrollment
| Factor | Crude SHR | 95% CI for SHR | Adjusted SHR | 95% CI for SHR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.03* | 1.02, 1.04 | 1.03* | 1.03, 1.04 |
| Gender (female) | 0.82 | 0.65, 1.03 | ||
| Etiology (ref = others) | ||||
| Alcohol | 1.53* | 1.24, 1.88 | ||
| Viral | 1.42* | 1.14, 1.77 | ||
| Diabetes | 3.64* | 3.07, 4.32 | 1.79* | 1.44, 2.21 |
| Hypertension | 2.91* | 1.73, 4.91 | 1.74 † | 1.04, 2.91 |
| BMI (kg/m2 ) (Ref = 18.5‐25) | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.78 | 0.49, 1.26 | ||
| 25‐30 | 1.16 | 0.96, 1.40 | ||
| ≥30 | 1.24 | 0.99, 1.54 | ||
| MELD | 1.05* | 1.04, 1.06 | ||
| CTP | 1.08* | 1.03, 1.13 | ||
| Ascites (ref = no ascites) | ||||
| Grade 1 | 1.05 | 0.83, 1.34 | ||
| Grade 2 and 3 | 1.38 † | 1.08, 1.77 | ||
| eGFR ‡ (mL/min) | 0.34* | 0.30, 0.38 | ||
| MAP (mm Hg) | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 | ||
| Beta‐blockers | 1.05 | 0.89, 1.24 | ||
| HVPG (>17 mm Hg) | 1.06 | 0.90, 1.26 | ||
| SVRI (>2,008 dyns/cm5/m2) | 0.53* | 0.45, 0.63 | 0.70* | 0.58, 0.83 |
| PVRI (>68 dyns/cm5/m2) | 0.95 | 0.79, 1.14 | ||
| CRDI (>4 L/min/m2) | 1.25 † | 1.04, 1.49 | ||
| Leucocyte counts ‡ (×103/m3) | 1.16 † | 1.01, 1.34 | ||
| Serum bilirubin ‡ (mg/dL) | 0.10 | 0.93, 1.07 | ||
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 0.66* | 0.58, 0.74 | 0.84 † | 0.72, 0.97 |
| INR (seconds) | 1.18 | 0.10, 1.39 | ||
| Serum creatinine at enrollment (mg/dL) | 3.55* | 2.68, 4.69 | ||
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 0.97* | 0.96, 0.99 | ||
| Episodes of AKI (n) | 1.37* | 1.27, 1.48 | ||
| Prior AKI | 2.31* | 1.90, 2.81 | 1.72* | 1.40, 2.11 |
| MELD‐Na | 1.07* | 1.04, 1.06 | 1.05* | 1.03, 1.06 |
| Urine for albumin | ||||
| Absent or trace | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
| 1+ | 1.84 | 1.51‐2.25 | 0.88 | 0.73, 1.06 |
| 2+ | 3.11* | 2.09‐4.62 | 1.64* | 1.13, 2.39 |
| 3+ or 4+ | 8.12* | 5.00‐13.18 | 2.74* | 1.83, 4.11 |
HVPG, SVRI, PVRI, and CVRI were considered as category variables in the regression analysis. Of them, only those factors significant in the multivariate analysis were reported. Urine analysis for albuminuria was graded semi‐quantitatively, with values reported as absent or trace (±), 1+, 2+, and 3+ or 4+ (corresponding to albumin levels of undetectable or <10 mg/dL, 10‐29 mg/dL, 30‐99 mg/dL, 100‐299 mg/dL, 300‐999 mg/dL, and 1,000 mg/dL. MELD‐Na was calculated using bilirubin, INR, creatinine, and sodium. Therefore, these components were not considered for the multivariate regression model, as MELD‐Na was included in the model. Also, because CTP is highly associated with MELD‐Na, CTP was not considered for the multivariate analysis, to avoid multicollinearity. PVRI, CRDI, and MAP were not included in the multivariate analysis, as they are highly associated with SVRI. Similarly, because eGFR contains albumin, age, gender and creatinine, it was not included in the model. Variables considered in multivariate analysis were age, etiology, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ascites category, SVRI, albumin, MELD‐Na, prior AKI, and urine albumin.
Significant at 1% level of significance.
Significant at 5% level of significance.
Corresponding log‐transformed variables were used in the regression analysis.