Table 2.

Microbiological results of 187 necrotizing fasciitis limbs between the three groups

Variable	Group N (n = 111)	Group S (n = 35)	Group H (n = 41)
Blood-stream infection	27 (24.3)	9 (25.7)	17 (41.5)†§
Monomicrobial infection	58 (52.3)	19 (54.3)	24 (58.5)
Gram-negative monomicrobial infection	27 (24.3)	8 (22.9)	22 (53.7)†§
Vibrio spp.	19 (17.1)	6 (17.1)	15 (36.6)†§
Vibrio vulnificus	17 (15.3)	6 (17.1)	14 (34.1)†§
Vibrio cholerae non-O1	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	1 (2.4)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Aeromonas spp.	4 (3.6)	2 (5.7)	4 (9.8)
Aeromonas hydrophila	4 (3.6)	2 (5.7)	3 (7.3)
Aeromonas sobria	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2.4)
Enterobacter cloacae	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	1 (2.4)
Escherichia coli	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	1 (2.4)
Shewanella putrefaciens	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2.4)
Gram-positive monomicrobial infection	31 (27.9)	11 (31.4)	2 (4.9)†§
Staphylococcus spp.	22 (19.8)	5 (14.3)	2 (4.9)†
MRSAa	12 (10.8)	2 (5.7)	1 (2.4)
MSSAb	9 (8.1)	2 (5.7)	1 (2.4)
Coagulase-negative staphylcoccus	1 (0.9)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
Streptococcus spp.	9 (8.1)	6 (17.1)	0 (0)§
Streptococcus species	3 (2.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Streptococcus group non-ABD	2 (1.8)	2 (5.7)	0 (0)
Streptococcus pyogenes	1 (0.9)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
Streptococcus agalactiae	1 (0.9)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	1 (0.9)	2 (5.7)	0 (0)
Anaerobic bacteria
Peptostreptococcus sp	1 (0.9)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Polymicrobial infection	22 (19.8)	3 (8.6)	12 (29.3)§
Culture-negative necrotizing fasciitis	31 (27.9)	13 (37.1)	5 (12.2)†§

Abbreviations: ^aMRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ^bMSSA methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

Data were presented as frequency (%).; Data were compared with ANOVA, †p < 0.05 vs. no bullae in the Tukey post hoc test; §p < 0.05 vs. serious bullae in the Tukey post hoc test