Table 2.
The characteristics of all including trials.
| Reference | Location(Language) | Sample size | Mean age or age range | Disease duration | Intervention Group time/per week/duration | Control group | Outcome measure | Attrition | AE | Main findings (p value of intergroup/intragroup difference) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shen XY et al. (48) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 54 CG: 54 |
TG: 67.8 ± 5.1 CG: 66.2 ± 4.6 | TG: 9.6 ± 6.8 y CG: 7.6 ± 5.9 y |
24 form Tai Chi 60 min/3/12 weeks |
Walking 60 min/3/12 weeks |
DSQOL | TG: 2 CG: 5 |
NR | DAQOL: TG showed significant improvement in DAQOL compared to CG(p<0.05). |
| Wu F et al. (46) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 20 CG: 20 |
TG: 51.3 ± 7.9 CG: 52.4 ± 5.5 | TG: 1.35 ± 0.62 y CG: 1.36 ± 0.71 y |
24 form Tai Chi 60 min/3/24 weeks |
No intervention | SF-36 | NR | NR | SF-36: TG showed significant improvements in PF/RP/GH/RE/SF/MH compared to CG (p<0.05). |
| Lam P et al. (44) | Australia (English) |
TG: 28 CG: 25 |
TG: 63.2 ± 8.6 CG: 60.7 ± 12.2 | > 6 m | Yang and Sun style 20 form Tai Chi 60 min/3/12 weeks; 60 min/1/further 12 weeks |
Wait list | SF-36 | TG: 7 CG: 3 |
NR | SF-36: TG showed significant improvements in PF/SF/GH from baseline to post-treatment (all p<0.05). No significant difference in all SF-36 domains between two groups (p>0.05). |
| Li ZB et al. (34) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 54 CG(a): 54 CG(b): 54 CG(c): 54 |
TG: 54.21 ± 9.47 CG(a): 50.42 ± 9.68 CG(b): 51.62 ± 7.83 CG(c): 52.69 ± 8.37 |
TG: 83.42 ± 43.52 m CG(a): 72.18 ± 39.57 m CG(b): 75.74 ± 42.39 m CG(c): 86.65 ± 49.72 m |
24 form Tai Chi 30 min/7/12 weeks |
CG(a): Baduanjin CG(b): Aerobic Exercise (brisk walking. etc) CG(c): No intervention |
BMI | TG: 11 CG(a): 4 CG(b): 6 CG(c): 10 |
NR | BMI: TG showed significant improvement in BMI from baseline to post-treatment (p<0.05). Intergroup comparison was NR. |
| Meng E (49) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 100 CG: 100 |
68. ± 3.2 | 2-23 y | Tai Chi 3 months |
Wait list | SF-36 | NR | NR | SF-36: TG showed significant improvement in GH and SF-36 total score compared to CG (p<0.05). |
| Wang P et al. (47) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 34 CG: 30 |
TG: 48.24 ± 10.06 CG: 47.86 ± 11.12 | TG: 1-18 y CG: 1-17 y |
24 form Tai Chi 45–60 min/5-7/24 weeks |
No intervention | SF-36 | NR | NR | SF-36: TG showed significant improvement in RE (P<0.01), PF/RP/BP/GH/VT/SF (p<0.05), and SF-36 total score/PCS/MCS (p<0.01) compared to CG. |
| Wei DL et al. (33) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 26 CG: 26 |
56.0 ± 7.2 | 0.5-3 y | Tai Chi ball 36 form 60 min/6/12 weeks |
Usual care | BMI; WHR |
NR | NR | BMI/WHR: TG showed significant improvement in BMI/WHR from baseline to post-treatment(p<0.05). Intergroup comparison was NR. |
| Ahn S (40) | South Korea (English) |
TG: 30 CG: 29 |
TG: 66.05 ± 6.42 CG: 62.73 ± 7.53 |
TG: 12.30 ± 8.81 y CG: 13.00 ± 10.03 y |
Tai Chi 60 min/2/12 weeks |
Usual care | SF-36 | TG: 10 CG: 10 |
NR | SF-36: TG showed significant improvement in PF/BP/RP/RE/SF compared to CG (p<0.05). No significant difference in SF-36 subcomponents (PCS/MCS) between two groups (p>0.05). |
| Chen SC et al. (32) | China (English) |
TG: 62 CG: 55 |
TG: 59.1 ± 6.2 CG: 57.4 ± 5.8 |
TG: 8.5 ± 3.5 y CG: 7.8 ± 3.1 y |
Chen style 99 form Tai Chi 60 min/3/12 weeks |
Aerobic dancing 60 min/3/12 weeks |
BMI | TG: 6 CG: 7 |
NR | BMI: TG showed significant improvement in BMI compared to CG (p=0.017). |
| Trang T et al. (35) | Australia (English) |
TG: 18 CG: 20 |
TG: 60 ± 8 CG: 65 ± 8 |
TG: 8.5 y CG: 9.0 y |
Yang and Sun style Tai Chi, 60 min/2/12 weeks | Sham exercise | SF-36 | TG: 1 | Y | SF-36: TG showed significant improvement in SF compared to CG (p=0.04). |
| Cai H (42) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 27 CG: 28 |
TG: 65.54 CG: 64.51 |
TG: 4.93 y CG: 5.44 y |
Tai Chi 30 min/3/12 weeks |
Wait list | BMI | CG:5 | NR | BMI: TG showed significant improvement in BMI compared to CG (p=0.004). |
| Chen ZC (52) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 30 CG: 30 |
TG: 60.71 ± 7.06 CG: 61.14 ± 5.27 |
TG: 5.58 ± 2.77 y CG: 6.00 ± 2.58 y |
Tai Chi stick 60 min/4/12 weeks |
No intervention | BMI; WHR; SF-36 |
TG: 2 | NR | BMI/WHR: TG showed significant improvement in BMI/WHR from baseline to post-treatment(p<0.05). SF-36: TG showed significant improvement in all SF-36 domains compared to CG (all p<0.05). |
| Li HC et al. (50) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 50 CG: 50 |
TG: 62.91 ± 2.48 CG: 63.27 ± 2.86 |
TG: 7.83 ± 2.16 y CG: 8.14 ± 3.19 y |
Chen style Tai Chi 40–50 min/7/24 weeks |
Aerobic Exercise | BMI; WHR |
NR | NR | BMI/WHR: No significant difference in BMI and WHR between two groups (p>0.05). |
| Bao QW et al. (53) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 58 CG: 49 |
TG: 60.4 ± 6.9 CG: 68.4 ± 7.1 |
NR | Tai Chi + standard diabetic care 120 min/14/24 weeks |
Standard diabetic care | BMI; WHR |
NR | NR | BMI/WHR: TG showed significant improvement in BMI and WHR compared to CG (p<0.05). |
| Zhao G et al. (45) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 8 CG: 8 |
TG: 54.75 ± 6.09 CG: 52.38 ± 7.65 |
NR | Chen style 60 min/7/16 weeks |
No intervention | BMI | NR | NR | BMI: No significant difference in BMI between two groups (p>0.05). |
| Youngwan-chsetha S et al. (43) | Thailand (English) |
TG: 34 CG: 35 |
TG: 60.71 ± 7.06 CG: 61.14 ± 5.27 |
TG: 2.47 ± 1.24 y CG: 2.78 ± 1.18 y |
Lin Housheng style Tai Chi + standard diabetic care 50 min/5/12 weeks | Standard diabetic care | BMI | TG: 2 CG: 3 |
NR | BMI: No significant difference in BMI between two groups (p=0.10). |
| Kan Y et al. (51) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 26 CG: 22 |
52 ± 6.7 | >3 y | 24 form Tai Chi 60 min/7/12 weeks |
Aerobic Exercise | BMI | NR | NR | BMI: TG showed significant improvement in BMI compared to CG (p<0.05). |
| Wang JH et al. (41) | China (Chinese) |
TG: 10 CG: 6 |
60–70 | >2 y | 24 form Tai Chi 60 min/7/12 weeks |
Aerobic Exercise | BMI | NR | NR | BMI: TG showed significant improvement in BMI compared to CG (p<0.05). |
TG, Tai Chi Group; CG, control group; AE, adverse events; y, year; m, month; DSQOL, diabetes-specific quality of life; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-hip ratio; NR, not reported; SF-36 domains (PF, physical functioning; RP, role-physical; BP, bodily pain; GH, general health; VT, vitality; SF, social functioning; RE, role-emotional; MH, mental health; PCS, physical component summary, MCS=mental component summary).