Table 2.

Echocardiographic findings of young male and female participants with mitral valve prolapse and those without.

	Total (n = 242)			Males (n = 254)			Females (n = 288)
	MVP (−) (n = 2360)	MVP (+) (n = 82)	p-value	MVP (−) (n = 2077)	MVP (+) (n = 77)	p-value	MVP (−) (n = 283)	MVP (+) (n = 5)	p-value
Cardiac geometry*
Aortic valve open (mm), PLAX	19.84 ± 2.04	19.46 ± 2.08	0.15	20.13 ± 1.91	19.68 ± 1.96	0.10	17.75 ± 1.67	16.20 ± 0.45	0.05
Aortic root dimension (mm), PALX	29.53 ± 3.53	29.48 ± 2.67	0.87	29.95 ± 3.44	29.74 ± 2.53	0.78	26.40 ± 2.34	25.40 ± 1.14	0.55
LV mass (gm), PLAX	149.12 ± 35.76	155.38 ± 36.26	< 0.01	154.82 ± 33.55	158.70 ± 34.82	0.02	107.26 ± 20.44	104.21 ± 9.73	0.83
LV posterior wall (mm), PLAX	8.53 ± 1.11	8.73 ± 1.13	0.01	8.69 ± 1.05	8.84 ± 1.08	0.03	7.36 ± 0.79	7.00 ± 0.00	0.47
LV internal dimension in diastole (mm), PLAX	48.78 ± 3.71	49.10 ± 3.40	0.16	49.26 ± 3.51	49.35 ± 3.32	0.35	45.22 ± 3.16	45.20 ± 2.28	0.69
LV internal dimension in systole (mm), PLAX	30.56 ± 3.44	30.64 ± 3.39	0.74	30.94 ± 3.38	30.73 ± 3.45	0.93	27.87 ± 2.55	29.00 ± 1.72	0.37
Interventricular septum, (mm), PLAX	8.74 ± 1.21	8.95 ± 1.13	0.02	8.91 ± 1.15	9.04 ± 1.11	0.08	7.48 ± 0.85	7.60 ± 0.55	0.45
RV wall thickness (mm)a, PLAX	4.66 ± 0.63	4.40 ± 0.68	< 0.01	4.70 ± 0.62	4.42 ± 0.69	< 0.01	4.33 ± 0.58	4.07 ± 0.50	0.50
RV outflow tract dimension in diastole (mm), PLAX	26.57 ± 3.99	25.41 ± 4.35	0.01	26.79 ± 3.97	25.68 ± 4.35	0.06	24.96 ± 3.76	21.40 ± 1.14	0.05
Left atrial dimension (mm), PLAX	32.88 ± 4.06	32.10 ± 4.17	0.15	33.22 ± 4.06	32.32 ± 4.18	0.26	30.38 ± 3.03	28.60 ± 2.07	0.33
LV hypertrophy	114 [4.8]	3 [3.7]	0.62	102 [4.9]	3 [3.9]	0.68	12 [4.2]	0 [00.0]	0.63
RV hypertrophya	206 [10.1]	2 [2.9]	0.04	187 [10.5]	2 [3.1]	0.05	19 [7.5]	0 [00.0]	0.52
Cardiac functional assessment
LV ejection fraction (%), PLAX	61.90 ± 5.06	62.61 ± 4.23	0.21	61.97 ± 5.13	62.64 ± 4.32	0.26	61.43 ± 4.44	62.20 ± 2.59	0.70
Tricuspid valve prolapse, PSAX	388 [16.4]	17 [20.7]	0.30	350 [16.9]	16 [20.8]	0.36	38 [13.4]	1 [20.0]	0.67
Aortic regurgitation ≥ mild grade	38 [1.6]	1 [1.2]	0.78	34 [1.6]	1 [1.3]	0.81	4 [1.4]	0 [0.0]	0.78
Mitral regurgitation ≥ mild grade	1760 [74.6]	69 [84.1]	0.04	1544 [74.3]	65 [84.4]	0.04	216 [76.3]	4 [80.0]	0.84
Pulmonary regurgitation ≥ mild grade	1442 [61.1]	53 [64.6]	0.51	1293 [62.3]	50 [64.9]	0.63	149 [52.7]	3 [60.0]	0.74
Tricuspid regurgitation ≥ mild grade	1884 [79.8]	62 [75.6]	0.35	1657 [79.8]	60 [77.9]	0.69	227 [80.2]	2 [40.0]	0.02
RV systolic pressure (mmHg)	27.31 ± 4.67	26.63 ± 4.62	0.19	27.39 ± 4.70	26.81 ± 4.66	0.29	26.73 ± 4.35	23.80 ± 2.78	0.13
Peak E velocity (cm/s)	85.84 ± 15.49	86.26 ± 14.70	0.81	84.69 ± 15.02	86.02 ± 15.03	0.44	93.91 ± 17.17	89.90 ± 8.41	0.60
Peak A velocity (cm/s)	49.46 ± 10.72	45.87 ± 9.83	< 0.01	49.28 ± 10.67	46.01 ± 10.06	< 0.01	50.80 ± 11.04	43.78 ± 5.41	0.15
E/A ratio	1.81 ± 0.50	1.95 ± 0.46	0.01	1.79 ± 0.49	1.94 ± 0.48	0.01	1.94 ± 0.57	2.06 ± 0.10	0.65
Peak E′ velocity (cm/s)	16.73 ± 5.72	15.98 ± 3.19	0.24	16.56 ± 5.93	15.94 ± 3.23	0.37	17.99 ± 3.70	16.54 ± 2.80	0.38
Peal A′ velocity (cm/s)	8.30 ± 3.17	7.34 ± 1.98	< 0.01	8.28 ± 3.27	7.34 ± 2.01	0.01	8.47 ± 2.27	7.31 ± 1.48	0.25
E′/A′ ratio	2.19 ± 1.08	2.34 ± 0.84	0.21	2.18 ± 1.12	2.34 ± 0.85	0.21	2.26 ± 0.69	2.35 ± 0.64	0.76

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD (standard deviation), and categorical variables as N [%].

BSA body surface area, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, PLAX echocardiographic parasternal long axis view, PSAX echocardiographic parasternal short axis view

^aN = 2102 in total (N = 1842 for males and N = 260 for females).

*indicates the p-value for the echocardiographic geometry variables with adjustment for body surface area.