Table 1.
List of different tremor entities which can present with an ET− or ET+ syndrome. Untreatable causes include monogenetic causes, and chromosomal aberrations. Much of the following diseases are causally treatable: infectious and inflammatory diseases, autoimmune neuropathies and spinal muscular atrophies, paraneoplasias, endocrine or metabolic diseases, brain lesions of different etiologies, medications, toxins causing tremor, psychoactive drugs associated with tremor and affective changes, and consequences of physical exertion related with tremor
| Possible etiologies which can present with an tremor syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Syndromes attributable to selected genes | Frontotemporal dementias, dystonia, Wilson’s disease, neuroferritinopathy, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration (PEKAN), X-linked Parkinson-dystonia syndrome, primary familial brain calcification, Roussy-Lévy syndrome, hereditary neuropathies, spinocerebellar ataxia (types 12, 20, 27) |
| Syndromes attributable to selected chromosomal aberrations | Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi, ataxia telangiectasia, XYY syndrome, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) XXYY syndrome, Angelman syndrome |
| Syndromes attributable to trinucleotide repeat diseases | Spinocerebellar ataxia (types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17), fragile X syndrome, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy |
| Parkinson syndromes | Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration |
| Lysosomal storage disorders | Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, type C, action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome |
| Mitochondrial diseases | Syndrome of mitochondrial spinocerebellar ataxia and epilepsy (POLG-related disorders), Leigh syndrome, recessive monogenetic parkinsonian syndromes (DJ-1, PARKIN, PINK1) |
| Infectious and inflammatory diseases | Demyelinating diseases, encephalitis lethargica, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, HIV, tuberculosis, syphilis, measles, typhoid, neuroborreliosis, bacterial or viral encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis |
| (Autoimmune-) neuropathies and spinal muscular atrophies | Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lewis-Sumner syndrome, gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) |
| Paraneoplasia | Bronchial, breast, uterine, ovarian carcinoma with and without autoantibodies (Yo, Tr, VGKC, mGLuR1, Ri, Hu) |
| Endocrine or metabolic diseases | Liver and renal deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoglycemia |
| Brain lesions of different etiologies | brain tumors, craniocerebral trauma, electrical injuries, ischemia, bleeding, malformations |
| Drug-induced |
Cytostatics (vincristine, cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, cytosine-arabinoside, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate) Immunomodulators (ciclosporin, tacrolimus, interferons) Anticonvulsant drugs (valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine) Dopamine receptor blocker/medications depleting dopamine (neuroleptics, metoclopramide, tetrabenazine) Antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, lithium) Antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, mexiletine, procainamide) Calcium antagonists (nifedipine, amlodipine) Hormones (thyroxine, calcitonin, progesterone, corticosteroids) Sympathomimetics (bronchodilators, β2-agonists) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (theophylline, aminophylline caffeine) |
| Toxins | Mercury, lead, manganese, arsenic, cyanide, DDT, carbon monoxide, naphthalene, toluene, lindane |
| Psychoactive drugs | Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, alcohol withdrawal, withdrawal from benzodiazepines and others |
| Affective changes and consequences of physical exertion | Anxiety, excitement, stress, fatigue, physical exertion, cooling |