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. 2020 Nov 18;113(2):476–487. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa283

TABLE 3.

Energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, and macronutrient oxidation rates and balances during the HP-TDR and CON diets

HP-TDR CON
All (n = 43) Female (n = 19) Male (n = 24) All (n = 43) Female (n = 19) Male (n = 24) Diet effect1 Sex effect1  Diet × sex1
Total EE, kcal/d 2143 ± 268 1967 ± 195 2283 ± 234 2061 ± 243 1899 ± 143 2189 ± 231 <0.001 <0.001 0.300
24-h RER 0.85 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.02 <0.001 0.038 0.333
Resting
 REE Day 1, kcal/d 1620 ± 259 1432 ± 138 1768 ± 236 1621 ± 206 1491 ± 115 1724 ± 204 0.784 <0.001 0.067
 RER - Day 1 0.81 ± 0.02 0.81 ± 0.03 0.81 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.04 0.81 ± 0.03 0.83 ± 0.03 0.213 0.063 0.066
 REE Day 2, kcal/d 1612 ± 215 1462 ± 168 1731 ± 169 1605 ± 247 1408 ± 147 1761 ± 193 0.582 <0.001 0.064
 RER - Day 2 0.82 ± 0.02 0.81 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.03 <0.001 0.242 0.394
Basal
 Basal EE, kcal/d 1584 ± 242 1409 ± 149 1723 ± 211 1600 ± 223 1450 ± 165 1719 ± 191 0.411 <0.001 0.315
 RER 0.83 ± 0.02 0.83 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.02 0.87 ± 0.02 <0.001 0.518 0.689
Sleep
 Sleep EE,3 kcal/8-h night 498 ± 49 469 ± 47 522 ± 37 481 ± 53 450 ± 44 505 ± 48 <0.001 <0.001 0.864
 RER 0.82 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.01 0.85 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.02 <0.001 0.664 0.661
Carbohydrate ox, g/d 235 ± 43 219 ± 31 247 ± 47 273 ± 40 256 ± 27 286 ± 45 <0.001 0.007 0.867
Protein ox,2 g/d 91 ± 40 67 ± 24 110 ± 40 53 ± 20 36 ± 8 67 ± 16 <0.001 <0.001 0.212
Fat ox, g/d 79 ± 17 78 ± 17 79 ± 16 71 ± 16 69 ± 9 72 ± 20 0.013 0.614 0.729
Carbohydrate balance, g/d –48 ± 33 –43 ± 25 –51 ± 38 22 ± 26 21 ± 18 23 ± 32 <0.001 0.631 0.463
Protein balance, g/d 119 ± 34 132 ± 23 110 ± 39 29 ± 19 42 ± 6 19 ± 19 <0.001 0.001 0.959
Fat balance, g/d –20 ± 17 –23 ± 17 –18 ± 16 1 ± 15 –0.6 ± 10 3 ± 18 <0.001 0.246 0.867
Energy balance, kcal/d –18 ± 113 32 ± 101 –58 ± 109 92 ± 129 164 ± 100 35 ± 121 <0.001 0.001 0.143

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

1

P values were detected with the use of a mixed ANOVA.

2

Data were not normally distributed and log-transformed for statistical analysis.

3

Sleep EE reflects an 8-h sleep period.

CON, control; EE, energy expenditure; HP-TDR, high-protein total diet replacement; ox, oxidation; REE, resting energy expenditure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio.