TABLE 4.

Metabolic blood markers during the HP-TDR and CON diets

	HP-TDR			CON			∆1		Postprandial2
	Fasting day 1	Postprandial	Fasting day 2	Fasting day 1	Postprandial	Fasting day 2	Diet effect	Diet × sex	Diet effect	Diet × sex
Glucose,3 mmol/L	4.8 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.2	4.8 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.3	0.126	0.502	0.044	0.765
Insulin,3 pmol/L	43.1 ± 15.4	62.8 ± 35.1	35.6 ± 13.8	44.8 ± 18.4	81.1 ± 50.2	37.1 ± 15.3	0.804	0.121	0.007	0.359
HOMA %B3	89.0 ± 20.5	—	78.7 ± 17.4	88.4 ± 21.7	—	76.2 ± 22.9	0.578	0.362	—	—
HOMA IR3	0.8 ± 0.3	—	0.6 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3	—	0.7 ± 0.3	0.716	0.087	—	—
Glycerol,4 μM	27.5 ± 19.6	32.3 ± 23.0	19.3 ± 11.4	23.7 ± 14.4	47.6 ± 29.5	19.6 ± 12.0	0.031	0.684	<0.001	0.682
NEFA,4 μM	201.2 ± 191.6	115.2 ± 123.4	154.8 ± 139.5	182.1 ± 150.6	104.1 ± 88.4	145.7 ± 132.0	0.880	0.190	0.513	0.160
Lipid panel3
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.34 ± 0.73	4.33 ± 0.73	4.43 ± 0.78	4.30 ± 0.69	4.19 ± 0.72	4.28 ± 0.76	0.010	0.286	0.041	0.174
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.41 ± 0.52	2.28 ± 0.49	2.54 ± 0.52	2.38 ± 0.49	2.13 ± 0.5	2.39 ± 0.5	<0.001	0.647	0.023	0.796
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.45 ± 0.43	1.45 ± 0.46	1.44 ± 0.48	1.43 ± 0.43	1.40 ± 0.44	1.40 ± 0.43	0.214	0.042	0.047	0.436
Non-HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.89 ± 0.58	2.88 ± 0.52	2.99 ± 0.58	2.88 ± 0.5	2.79 ± 0.52	2.88 ± 0.56	0.005	0.645	0.082	0.258
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.06 ± 0.42	1.31 ± 0.63	0.98 ± 0.34	1.08 ± 0.41	1.45 ± 0.57	1.08 ± 0.42	0.044	0.958	0.128	0.143

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

¹ P values represent the main effect of diet on the change from fasting day 1 to fasting day 2 and were detected with the use of a mixed ANOVA.

² P values represent the main effect of diet on postprandial values and were detected with the use of a mixed ANOVA.

³ N = 41 (N = 17 females, N = 24 males).

⁴ N = 42 (N = 18 females, N = 24 males).

CON, control; HOMA %B, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; HP-TDR, high-protein total diet replacement.