Table 4.
Mean fecal characteristics, metabolites, IgA, and calprotectin concentrations of dogs fed GNU100-supplemented diets
| GNU1001 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | Week | CT | LD | MD | HD | SEM | P-value |
| pH | 2 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 0.16 | 0.75 |
| 4 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 0.16 | 0.55 | |
| 26 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 0.16 | 0.43 | |
| Score2 | 2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.16 | 0.75 |
| 4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 0.15 | 0.43 | |
| 26 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 0.13 | 0.58 | |
| Dry matter, % | 2 | 36.7 | 34.9 | 36.2 | 36.8 | 1.18 | 0.68 |
| 4 | 34.3 | 35.6 | 36.7 | 36.4 | 1.20 | 0.55 | |
| 26 | 34.9 | 34.0 | 35.1 | 36.5 | 0.87 | 0.23 | |
| --------------- µmol/g dry matter ----------- | |||||||
| Total SCFA3 | 2 | 270.0 | 333.0 | 309.9 | 296.1 | 26.71 | 0.40 |
| 4 | 295.0 | 283.0 | 307.4 | 281.8 | 29.60 | 0.90 | |
| Acetate | 2 | 158.1 | 200.9 | 180.5 | 162.7 | 16.22 | 0.27 |
| 4 | 164.5 | 173.4 | 179.5 | 158.5 | 16.97 | 0.81 | |
| Propionate | 2 | 72.7 | 94.4 | 86.7 | 94.9 | 7.14 | 1.00 |
| 4 | 83.5 | 79.5 | 90.1 | 85.7 | 9.37 | 0.85 | |
| Butyrate | 2 | 37.3 | 38.6 | 42.7 | 38.5 | 4.40 | 1.00 |
| 4 | 37.1 | 35.5 | 37.8 | 37.6 | 4.34 | 0.98 | |
| Total BCFA3 | 2 | 23.9 | 26.9 | 27.6 | 24.3 | 3.62 | 0.81 |
| 4 | 23.1 | 27.3 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 2.93 | 0.63 | |
| Isobutyrate | 2 | 9.5 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 1.41 | 0.76 |
| 4 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 1.18 | 0.62 | |
| Isovalerate | 2 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 16.1 | 14.3 | 2.19 | 0.82 |
| 4 | 13.3 | 15.9 | 13.4 | 14.5 | 1.73 | 0.62 | |
| Valerate | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.86 |
| 4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 0.18 | |
| Total P/I3 | 2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 1.10 | 0.41 |
| 4 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 1.09 | 0.83 | |
| Phenol | 2 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.72 | 0.44 |
| 4 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.77 | 0.69 | |
| Indole | 2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.46 | 0.40 |
| 4 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 0.50 | 0.43 | |
| Ammonia | 2 | 209.0 | 223.0 | 244.2 | 212.0 | 27.37 | 0.72 |
| 4 | 200.0 | 214.0 | 203.0 | 212.0 | 17.79 | 0.82 | |
| IgA, mg/g | 2 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 4.4 | 1.55 | 0.28 |
| 4 | 5.6b | 2.4ab | 0.7a | 2.4ab | 1.19 | 0.03 | |
| 26 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.85 | 0.90 | |
| Calprotectin, ug/g | 2 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.93 |
| 4 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.55 | |
| 26 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.26 | |
1CT, control diet; LD, low dose diet containing 0.5% GNU100; MD, medium dose diet containing 1.0% GNU100; HD, high dose diet containing 1.5% GNU100.
2Fecal score: 1, watery diarrhea; 1.5, diarrhea; 2, moist, no form; 2.5, moist, with some form; 3, moist, formed; 3.5, well formed, sticky; 4, well formed; 4.5, hard, dry; and 5, hard, dry, crumbly feces.
3SCFA = acetate + propionate + butyrate; BCFA = isobutyrate + isovalerate + valerate; and P/I = phenol + indole.
a,bWithin a row, means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). Bolded numbers are significant P-values (P < 0.05).