Table 2.
Associations between mean serum antioxidant and F2-isoprostane concentrations and presence of any moderate or severe PMS symptoms per cycle by symptom type
| # Cycles with moderate/severe symptoms (%) | Vitamin A (ug/dL) | Vitamin C (ug/dL) | α-tocopherol (ug/dL) | γ-tocopherol (ug/dL) | F2-isoprostane (pg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per 10 pg/dL | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| Sadness | 72 (14) | 0.43 (0.02, 10.71) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.83) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
| Crying spells | 42 (8) | 0.02 (0.00004, 11.30) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.42) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.49, 1.91) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20)a |
| Anger | 116 (23) | 0.30 (0.01, 9.38) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.52) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.60, 1.39) | 1.17 (1.05, 1.29)a |
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Nervousness | 103 (21) | 0.32 (0.01, 9.50) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.07) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) |
| Insomnia | 33 (7) | 8.72 (0.10, 796.01) | 2.11 (0.90, 4.91) | 1.19 (1.003, 1.41)a | 0.97 (0.49, 1.89) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) |
| Tension | 165 (33) | 0.25 (0.01, 4.96) | 0.70 (0.46, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19)a |
| Hydration | ||||||
| Abdominal bloating | 188 (38) | 0.05 (0.003, 0.93)a | 0.96 (0.61, 1.52) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.77 (0.52, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Cravings | ||||||
| Chocolate | 119 (24) | 0.08 (0.004, 1.57) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.24) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18)a |
| Sweets | 112 (22) | 0.26 (0.01, 6.01) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.39) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.19) |
| Salty | 72 (14) | 12.63 (0.39, 409.03) | 1.05 (0.60, 1.85) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.22) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13)a |
| Other food | 49 (10) | 0.13 (0.001, 15.18) | 0.78 (0.39, 1.52) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.36) | 1.32 (1.12, 1.57)a |
| Pain | ||||||
| Breast tenderness | 139 (28) | 0.10 (0.004, 2.5) | 0.76 (0.41, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.34) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) |
| Lower abdominal cramping | 209 (42) | 0.06 (0.005, 0.90)a | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.01) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) |
| General aches | 89 (18) | 0.35 (0.01, 13.04) | 1.06 (0.53, 2.09) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) |
| Backache | 119 (24) | 0.15 (0.005, 4.62) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.89) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| Headache | 97 (19) | 2.33 (0.11, 49.33) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.77) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.67, 1.61) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| Other | ||||||
| Acne outbreak | 85 (17) | 0.15 (0.005, 6.60) | 1.37 (0.76, 2.49) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) | 1.09 (1.003, 1.18)a |
| Change in appetite | 97 (19) | 0.02 (0.0004, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.61, 1.83) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16)a |
| Fatigue | 122 (24) | 0.34 (0.01, 8.19) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.83) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) |
| Swelling of hands/feet | 32 (6) | 0.0008 (0.000001, 0.5)a | 1.38 (0.66, 2.89) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.33 (0.16, 0.65)a | 0.94 (0.72, 1.21) |
Adjusted for energy intake, age, BMI, race, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and pain reliever use. Bold indicates statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the False Discovery Rate
aIndicates statistical significance at the 0.05 level