Table 4.
Associations between mean serum antioxidant and F2-isoprostane concentrations (per 1 unit increase) and odds of 5 or more or 8 or more moderate or severe PMS symptoms or PMS per cycle
| # cycles with PMS (% of total cycles) | Vitamin A (ug/dL) | Vitamin C (ug/dL) | α-tocopherol (ug/dL) | γ-tocopherol (ug/dL) | F2-isoprostane (pg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), per ug/dL | OR (95% CI), Per 10 pg/dL | ||
| 5+ moderate or severe symptoms | 167 (34) | 0.02 (0.001, 0.56)a | 1.20 (0.75, 1.92) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19)a |
| 8+ moderate or severe symptoms | 67 (14) | 0.04 (0.0004, 3.61) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.81) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.47 (0.27, 0.85)a | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) |
| PMS-1a | 148 (31) | 0.27 (0.01, 5.57) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.15) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14)a |
| PMS-2b | 111 (24) | 0.07 (0.003, 1.93) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.81) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17)a |
Adjusted for energy intake, age, BMI, race, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, and pain reliever use
PMS premenstrual syndrome
aPMS-1: Participant reported 3 or more moderate or severe symptoms, where at least one was psychological and the luteal phase score was 30% greater than the follicular phase
bPMS-2: Participant reported 5 or more moderate or severe symptoms, where at least one was psychological and the luteal phase score was 30% greater than the follicular phase