Table 1.

Constructs used in previous temporal focus studies

Constructs	Association evidence	References
Optimism	Past focus was negatively related to optimism	[21]
Satisfaction with life and subjective well-being	Inverse association between past focus and life satisfaction; relationship between a balanced time perspective and subjective well-being	[37–41]
Self-efficacy	Future orientation was associated with higher self-efficacy	[42]
Depression	Depressive rumination was associated with past orientation	[32, 36]
Anxiety	Persons with anxiety symptoms were more prone to look upon their future with worry and negative anticipation and to recall their past with regret and aversive feelings	[32–35]
Regulatory modes	Locomotion was characterized by future focus and reluctance to revisit the past; assessment showed a positive relationship with nostalgia	[43, 44]