Table 1:

Effect of treatment (CANA) or high blood glucose (BG) on selected outcome measurements (mean ± SD) from the evaluations of femur mid-shafts (cortical bone) and distal femur metaphysis (trabecular bone). CANA-treatment normalizes a bone parameter if the CANA vs. Low BG comparison is not significant (NS). p<0.05 (p<0.1).

Parameter	Units	[A]	[B]	[C]	ANOVA	Adjusted p-value
		CANA	High BG	Low BG	p-value	CANA effect	CANA normalization	T2D effect
Cortical Bone		(n = 52)	(n = 43)	(n = 14-16)		A vs. B	A vs. C	B vs. C
Ma.V	---	1.17 ± 0.09	1.16 ± 0.10	1.10 ± 0.09	(0.0526)	NS	0.0462	(0.0886)
Ct.Ar	mm2	0.79 ± 0.04	0.76 ± 0.6	0.81 ± 0.04	0.0005	0.0103	NS	0.0011
Tt.Ar	mm2	1.43 ± 0.07	1.39 ± 0.07	1.41 ± 0.08	(0.0742)	(0.0592)	NS	NS
Imin	mm4	0.090 ± 0.010	0.085 ± 0.009	0.092 ± 0.010	0.0076	0.0166	NS	0.0368
Section modulus	mm3	0.157 ± 0.012	0.151 ± 0.013	0.158 ± 0.012	0.0297	0.0424	NS	NS
Ct.Th	mm	0.212 ± 0.010	0.205 ± 0.013	0.222 ± 0.009	<0.0001	0.0105	0.0073a	<0.0001a
Ct.TMD	mgHA/cm3	1282 ± 36	1268 ± 35	1289 ± 41	(0.0699)b	NS	NS	NS
Ct.Po	%	2.79 ± 0.31	2.95 ± 0.33	2.65 ± 0.34	0.0030	0.0378	NS	0.0047
Stiffness	N/mm	129 ± 15	122 ± 17	138 ± 15	0.0020	(0.070)	NS	0.0019
Yield force	N	17.6 ± 2.0	16.3 ± 2.3	19.3 ± 1.5	<0.0001	0.0091	0.0151	<0.0001
Ultimate force	N	20.5 ± 1.6	19.3 ± 2.3	21.4 ± 1.8	0.0025c	0.0332	NS	0.0048
PYD	mm	0.267 ± 0.152	0.250 ± 0.108	0.218 ± 0.121	NSb		No effects
Work-to-fracture	kJ/m2	6.18 ± 1.86	5.66 ± 1.45	5.95 ± 2.09	NSb		No effects
Yield stress	MPa	228 ± 25	220 ± 24	249 ± 20	0.0004	NS	0.0087	0.0002
Ultimate stress	MPa	262 ± 15	257 ± 24	271 ± 16	0.0486c	NS	NS	0.0430
Modulus	GPa	15.3 ± 1.7	15.4 ± 1.9	16.1 ± 1.5	NS		No effects
Toughness	MJ/m3	2.96 ± 0.86	2.84 ± 0.75	2.76 ± 0.94	NSb		No effects
PY toughness	MJ/m3	1.99 ± 0.85	1.98 ± 0.75	1.73 ± 0.92	NSb		No effects
Trabecular Bone
Tb.BV/TV	%	5.9 ± 1.6	4.6 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 1.8	<0.0001b	0.0006	0.0142	<0.0001
Conn.D	mm−3	72.8 ± 26.6	76.5 ± 23.6	80.5 ± 22.9	NS		No effects
SMI	0:plates; 3:rods	2.76 ± 0.26	2.83 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.24	0.0007	NS	0.0111	0.0004
Tb.N	mm−1	3.29 ± 0.36	3.32 ± 0.29	3.41 ± 0.31	NS		No effects
Tb.Th	mm	0.042 ± 0.005	0.036 ± 0.004	0.046 ± 0.004	<0.0001b	<0.0001	NS	<0.0001
Tb.Sp	mm	0.309 ± 0.036	0.303 ± 0.028	0.297 ± 0.028	NSb		No effects
Tb.TMD	mgHA/cm3	983.5 ± 40.8	959.0 ± 39.7	984.9 ± 50.3	0.0003b	0.0003	NS	(0.058)

^aP-value from Dunn’s test because only Ct.Th of TH – Low BG did not pass normality, but the residuals did pass normality.

^bP-value from Kruskal-Wallis test because residuals did not pass normality

^cP-value from Kruskal-Wallis test because the SDs were significantly different among the 3 groups