Fig. 6. Applications of tissue-derived organoids of the female reproductive tract and placenta.

a Organoid systems can be used for studying the physiology and pathologies of the FRT. They can be used as. tools for testing drug responses and drug development. Gene function can be assesed by CRISPR/Cas9 based genetic engineering of organoids. b The possibility to combine organoids with different cell types as well as pathogens will allow studies on their interactions. Bioengineering methods may allow the generation of more complex tissue-like models that include non-epithelial populations such as fibroblasts, immune and endothelial cells. The interactions between two different tissues can also be studied by co-culture of organoids, which is of particular relevance for maternal–fetal crosstalk using placental (trophoblast) and endometrial organoids.