Table 1.

In vitro models of the human FRT used before the establishment of organoid systems.

Cell culture system	Tissue	Model	Referencea
2D	Ovaries	Tissue-derived ovarian surface epithelial cultures	[7–9]
		Immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cultures	[10–12]
	Fallopian tubes	Tissue-derived epithelial cultures	[13]
		Immortalized epithelial cultures	[14–16]
	Endometrium	Tissue-derived epithelial cultures	[17–19]
		Tissue-derived stromal cultures	[18, 20]
		Tissue-derived endothelial cultures	[21–23]
		iPSC-derived stromal cultures	[24]
		Carcinoma-derived cell lines (HEC-1, Ishikawa, RL95–2, St-1b, ECC-1)	[25–29]
	Cervix	Tissue-derived epithelial cultures	[30–32, 34, 35]
		HPV16-immortalized epithelial cell line	[36]
		Carcinoma-derived cell lines (HeLa,SiHa,C33a,CaSki,ME-180)	[33, 37]
3D	Ovaries	Tissue-derived epithelial spheroid cultures	[38, 39]
	Fallopian tubes	Tissue-derived epithelial spheroid cultures	[40]
		iPSC-derived epithelial cell 3D cultures	[41]
	Endometrium	Tissue-derived epithelial cell 3D cultures	[42]
		Organotypic cultures from endometrial tissue	[43–46]
		Mesenchymal-derived epithelial-like cell 3D cultures	[47]
		Spheroids derived from endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines	[48]
		Spheroids of mesenchymal stem cells derived from menstrual blood/endometrial fragments	[49]
	Cervix	Organotypic cultures from primary cervical epithelial cells	[50, 51]
		Organotypic cultures from HPV16-immortalized cells	[50]
Tissue explants	Ovaries	Ovarian tissue explants	[52]
	Fallopian tubes	Fimbria explants	[53, 54]
	Endometrium	Non-pregnant endometrium explants	[55, 56]
		1st trimester decidua parietalis explants	[57, 58]
	Cervix	Cervical explants	[59]

A summary of the different in vitro tools available for studying the biology of human FRT (excluding the recently derived organoid models). The models have been grouped according to the culture type: 2D monolayer cultures, 3D models and tissue explants. A few representative references are cited per type of model.

^aReprentative references of each model.