Table 1.
Studies of the gut microbiome in ALD patients
| Study | Country | Samples | Groups | Method | ALD-enriched Taxa | Controls-enriched Taxa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Bode et al.117 | Germany | Jejunal aspirate | Chronic alcoholics (27) vs. HC (13) | Culture | Coliform microorganisms, Gama-negative anaerobic bacteria, endospore-foming rod | / |
| Mutlu et al.115 | USA | Mucosa | ALD (19) vs. ALC (28) vs. HC (18) | 16S rRNA | Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria | Clostridia, Bacteroidetes |
| Wang et al.118 | USA | Mucosa | Chronic alcoholics (8) vs. HC (5) | 16S rRNA | Mucosa-associated bacteria | / |
| Leclercq et al.112 | Belgium, Denmark and Sweden | Stool | AD high IP (26) vs. AD low IP (34) vs. HC (15) | 16S rRNA |
(At the family level) Lachnospiraceae, Incertae sedis XIV (At the genus level) Dorea, Blautia, Megasphaera |
(At the family level) Ruminococcaceae, Incertae sedis XIII (At the genus level) Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, Oscillibacter, Anaerofilum, Clostridia, Bifidobacterium |
| Grander et al.113 | France | Stool | Severe ASH (15) vs. ASH (21) vs. HC (15) | 16S rRNA | / | Akkermansia muciniphila |
| Duan et al.116 | USA, Mexico, UK, France and Spain | Stool | Alcoholic hepatitis (75) vs. AUD (43) vs. HC (14) | 16S rRNA | Veillonella, Escherichia/Shigella, Megasphaera | Unclassified Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Clostridales, Ruminococcus |
| Lang et al.114 | Mutiple centers (USA, Mexico and Europe) | Stool | Alcoholic hepatitis in high MELD (54) vs. alcoholic hepatitis in low MELD (18) | 16S rRNA | (Comapred to alcoholic hepatitis in low MELD) Veillonella, Enterococcus | (Comapred to alcoholic hepatitis in high MELD) Akkermansia |
| Fungi | ||||||
| Yang et al.119 | Unclarified | Stool | AUD (10) vs. alcoholic hepatitis (6) vs. alcoholic cirrhosis (4) vs. HC (8) | ITS | Candida | Epicoccum, unclassified fungi, Galactomyces, Debaryomyces |
| Lang et al.28 | Multiple centers (USA, Mexico, Canada, UK, France and Spain) | Stool | AUD (15) vs. alcoholic hepatitis (59) vs. HC (11) | ITS | Candida | Penicillum |
| Chu et al.120 | Multiple centers (USA, Mexico, Canada, UK, France and Spain) | Stool | AUD (42) vs. alcoholic hepatitis (91) vs. HC (11) | Culture + qPCR | Candida | / |
| Viruses | ||||||
| Jiang et al.121 | Multiple centers (USA, Mexico, Canada, UK, France and Spain) | Stool | AUD (36) vs. alcoholic hepatitis (89) vs. HC (17) | Metagenomics | Escherichia phage, Enterobacteria phage, Enterococcus phage, Parvoviridae, Herpesviridae | / |
AD alcohol-dependent, IP intestinal permeability, ASH alcoholic steatohepatitis, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, ALC alcoholics without liver disease, AUD, alcoholic use disorder