Fig. 1.

Cell composition of the healthy adult liver. The liver is composed of parenchymal hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and other NPCs (KCs, LSECs, DCs, biliary cells, and IHLs). According to the features of immune responses, IHLs are divided into three groups: innate lymphoid cells, innate-like lymphocytes, and adaptive lymphocytes. The numbers indicate the estimated proportion of each population relative to the total number of IHLs, NPCs, or total liver cells. Relevant references are cited in the main text. Data on CD4+ αβT, CD8+ αβ T, and B cell frequencies are derived from ref. ⁴¹. Representative data on the frequency of ILCs in the murine liver (B6 mice) are derived from the ref. ²³. Data on the frequency of ILCs among IHLs in the human liver were calculated from Fig. 1 of the ref. ⁴⁸. Lymphocyte subsets within human and murine IHLs are shown in red and blue, respectively. KCs Kupffer cells, LSECs liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, DCs dendritic cells, IHLs intrahepatic lymphocytes, ILC innate lymphoid cell, NK natural killer, LTi lymphoid tissue-inducer, iNKT invariant natural killer T, non-iNKT non-invariant natural killer T, MAIT mucosal-associated invariant T cells