Table 1.
Parameter values used in estimating the number of hospitalised patients affected by MROs
| Variable | Estimate (95% CI) | Source |
| Number of Queensland hospital admissions per quarter |
409 972 (348 476 to 462 243) | Queensland Health9 |
| Prevalence of all hospitalisations with HAI (%) |
9.9 (8.8 to 11.0) | Russo et al 10 |
| Species of all HAIs* (%) | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 13.8 (10.2 to 17.3) | Russo et al 10 |
| Escherichia coli | 8.8 (5.9 to 11.7) | |
| Enterococcus faecium | 5.8 (3.4 to 8.2) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 4.4 (2.3 to 6.5) | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 1.9 (0.5 to 3.3) | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 1.1 (0.0 to 2.2) | |
| Multidrug-resistant† (%) | ||
| MRSA | 14.4 (13.3 to 17.2) | Wozniak et al 11 |
| ESBL E. coli | 5.3 (4.5 to 6.5) | |
| VRE | 37.8 (26.7 to 49.2) | |
| ESBL K. pneumoniae | 4.1 (3.6 to 7.7) | |
| CPE | 4.1 (3.9 to 4.3) | Coombs et al 12 |
| CRAB | 3.2 (2.7 to 3.7) | |
| Annual change of species incidence (% points) |
||
| MRSA | 0.3 | |
| ESBL E. coli | 0.9 | |
| VRE | −2.8 | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care13 |
| ESBL K. pneumoniae | 1.0 | Coombs et al 12 |
| CPE | 0.0 | |
| CRAB | 0.0 | |
| Infection fraction‡ (%) | ||
| MRSA | 20.6 (18.6 to 22.5) | Hospital/clinical data |
| ESBL E. coli | 30.0 (23.9 to 36.1) | |
| VRE | 4.6 (2.9 to 6.3) | |
| ESBL K. pneumoniae | 27.6 (21.1 to 34.0) | |
| CPE | 35.9 (20.8 to 51.0) | |
| CRAB | 15.2 (4.8 to 25.6) | |
| Cluster frequency§ | ||
| MRSA, ESBL E. coli, ESBL K. pneumoniae | 0.02 | |
| VRE | 0.05 | Sequencing data records |
| CPE, CRAB | 0.06 | |
| Decreased cluster size (95% CI) | ||
| MRSA§ | 5.38 (1.37 to 9.38) | |
| ESBL E. coli§ | 10.25 (2.94 to 17.56) | |
| VRE | 8.29 (3.89 to 12.68) | Sequencing data records |
| ESBL K. pneumoniae | 3.25 (1.23 to 5.27) | This is the estimated drop in cluster size with WGS use. |
| CPE | 6.33 (−1.20¶ to 13.87) | |
| CRAB | 4.00 (−1.88¶ to 9.88) |
*The HAI percentage of each organism; the denominator is total HAIs.
†The denominator is the total number of the organism detected.
‡The fraction of infections to infections plus colonisations.
§The probability of a cluster detected from all isolates sequenced for that species.
¶The negative number does not denote an increase in isolates. Two isolates are required to identify the cluster, so this negative value means that no clusters are identified.
**
CPE, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales; CRAB, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; ESBL, extended spectrum beta-lactamases; HAI, healthcare-associated infection; MRO, multidrug-resistant organism; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci; WGS, whole-genome sequencing.