Fig. 2. Timeline of training and probes.

a Exogenous task training. 1–6 on the x-axis indicate different training stages. P on the x-axis indicates the probe. Each probe comprised two sessions. Cue validity was set at 50% in all training sessions. b Endogenous task training. Cue validity was 100% in the training stages 1–6, 90% in the training stages 7.1 and 7.2 and 80% during the probes. The vertical dashed line denotes the first time that invalid trials were introduced into the endogenous task. Exogenous task: n = 16 mice in all training stages; n = 9 mice in Probe 1; n = 12 mice in Probes 2 and 3; all mice in the probes showed positive orienting effects. Endogenous task: n = 16 mice in all training stages; n = 15 mice in all probes; 60%, 53%, 67% and 80% of mice showed positive orienting effects in Probe 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Numbers of sessions to complete each training stage are expressed as bars with mean + standard errors. Orienting effects in each probe are expressed as circle symbols showing the median and whiskers showing min–max values. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.