Table 2.

PICO questions.

1. In adults with chronic insomnia disorder,a which behavioral and psychological treatments,b compared with the control condition,c lead to clinically significant improvements in sleep quality, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, remission rates, and responder rates?

2. In adults with chronic insomnia disorder,a how do different delivery methodsd for behavioral and psychological insomnia treatmentsc compare for improving the above outcomes?

^aWhen data were available, treatment efficacy was examined in the following subgroups: (1) insomnia without comorbidities, (2) insomnia with medical comorbidities, and (3) insomnia with psychiatric comorbidities. ^bThe efficacy of the following behavioral and psychological treatments was evaluated: biofeedback, BTIs, CBT-I, cognitive therapy, intensive sleep retraining, mindfulness, relaxation therapy, paradoxical intention, sleep hygiene, sleep restriction therapy, and stimulus control. ^cControl conditions examined: (1) sleep hygiene or sleep education, (2) pharmacologic—placebo drug, (3) quasi-desensitization, (4) usual care, and (5) wait list. ^dDelivery methods for behavioral and psychological treatments: in-person one-on-one visit with a trained CBT-I specialist, group behavioral and psychological treatment, telephone delivery, self-help book, and Internet delivery. BTIs = brief therapies for insomnia, CBT-I = cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, PICO = Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes.