Table 2.
Characteristics of participants according to FHD status and SDB severity.
| FHD+ | FHD− | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No SDB (n = 662) | Mild SDB (n = 709) | MS-SDB (n = 198) | P | No SDB (n = 2,412) | Mild SDB (n = 2,787) | MS-SDB (n = 709) | P | |
| Females, n (%) | 568 (85.8) | 451 (63.6) | 95 (48.0) | <.001 | 2,051 (85.0) | 1,653 (59.3) | 243 (34.3) | <.001 |
| Age, years | 52.1 (10.5) | 59.8 (11.0)† | 64.9 (10.4)†‡ | <.001 | 53.1 (11.3) | 60.8 (11.5)† | 64.8 (10.8) †‡ | <.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.9 (2.5) | 23.1 (3.2)† | 25.4 (3.7)†‡ | <.001 | 20.9 (2.6) | 22.6 (3.1)† | 24.8 (3.7) †‡ | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.8 (7.5) | 84.6 (8.5)† | 90.5 (8.9)†‡ | <.001 | 77.6 (7.9) | 83.2 (8.8)† | 89.6 (9.3) †‡ | <.001 |
| Pack-years of smoking in current/past smoker* | 12.0 [4.8–24.4] | 19.5 [7.0–34.0]† | 22.5 [12.5–40.0]† | <.001 | 12.0 [5.0–23.0] | 20.0 [10.0–37.0]† | 22.0 [11.3–37.5]† | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Ethanol,* g/d | 0.71 [0.00–7.50] | 0.89 [0.00–12.21] | 0.89 [0.00–13.50] | .35 | 0.36 [0.00–5.34] | 1.25 [0.00–6.79]† | 5.00 [0.00–33.86]†‡ | <.001 |
| Ethanol = 0 g/d, n (%) | 304 (45.9) | 334 (47.1) | 91 (46.0) | .044 | 1,184 (49.1) | 1,223 (43.9) | 257 (36.2) | <.001 |
| 0 g/d < ethanol ≤ 25 g/d, n (%) | 287 (43.4) | 270 (38.1) | 73 (36.9) | 1,000 (41.5) | 1,048 (37.6) | 239 (33.7) | ||
| Ethanol >25 g/d, n (%) | 71 (10.7) | 105 (14.8) | 34 (17.2) | 228 (9.5) | 516 (18.5) | 213 (30.0) | ||
| Activity count, /minute | 359.0 (95.0) | 323.2 (88.1)† | 295.3 (87.1)†‡ | <.001 | 351.4 (104.9) | 325.7 (95.4) † | 289.4 (87.0)†‡ | <.001 |
| Menopausal females, n (%) | 268 (47.2) | 347 (76.9) | 83 (87.4) | <.001 | 1,063 (51.8) | 1,335 (80.8) | 228 (93.8) | <.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 519 (78.4) | 379 (53.5) | 71 (35.9) | <.001 | 514 (21.3) | 1,236 (44.3) | 499 (70.4) | <.001 |
| JESS* | 6 [3–9] | 6 [3–8] | 6 [3–8] | .16 | 6 [3–9] | 5 [3–8]† | 6 [3–8] | <.001 |
| Acti-ODI3%,* events/h | 3.18 [2.38–3.93] | 8.04 [6.20–10.38]† | 19.95 [17.27–25.56]†‡ | <0.001 | 3.28 [2.45–4.15] | 7.91 [6.27–10.36]† | 20.59 [17.15–26.72]†‡ | <0.001 |
| Objective sleep duration, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| <5 hours | 93 (14.0) | 87 (12.3) | 34 (17.2) | 0.44 | 317 (13.1) | 368 (13.2) | 149 (21.0) | |
| 5–7 hours | 480 (72.5) | 521 (73.5) | 141 (71.2) | 1,753 (72.7) | 2,023 (72.6) | 477 (67.3) | ||
| ≥7 hours | 89 (13.4) | 101 (14.2) | 23 (11.6) | 342 (14.2) | 396 (14.2) | 83 (11.7) | ||
| Current medication for diabetes, n (%) | ||||||||
| Antihyperglycemic agents | 17 (2.4) | 78 (11.0) | 39 (19.7) | <0.001 | 25 (1.0) | 115 (4.1) | 50 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Insulin use | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.7) | 9 (4.5) | <0.001 | 1 (0.0) | 8 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.042 |
| Random plasma glucose, mg/dL | 85.2 (11.4) | 91.7 (16.9)† | 97.9 (16.9)†‡ | <0.001 | 83.7 (8.4) | 88.4 (12.7)† | 93.1 (17.2)†‡ | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.46 (0.44) | 5.73 (0.60)† | 5.95 (0.60)†‡ | <0.001 | 5.42 (0.35) | 5.58 (0.47)† | 5.73 (0.58)†‡ | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | ||||||||
| All | 22 (3.3) | 98 (13.8) | 58 (29.3) | <0.001 | 40 (1.7) | 168 (6.0) | 83 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Females | 11 (1.9) | 46 (10.2) | 31 (32.6) | <0.001 | 25 (1.2) | 73 (4.4) | 25 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Males | 11 (11.7) | 52 (20.2) | 27 (26.2) | 0.037 | 15 (4.2) | 95 (8.4) | 58 (12.4) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD), median [interquartile range], or n (%). Diabetes was considered according to HbA1c ≥6.5% and/or current medication for diabetes. FHD+ was defined as having first-degree relative(s) with diabetes. SDB was classified by Acti-ODI3% as follows: no SDB, <5 events/h; mild SDB, 5 to <15 events/h; MS-SDB, ≥15 events/h. Acti-ODI3% = 3% oxygen desaturation index modified by sleep duration derived from actigraphy; FHD = family history of diabetes; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; JESS = Japanese version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MS = moderate to severe; SDB = sleep-disordered breathing. *Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare differences between groups; analysis of variance was used otherwise. †P < 0.05 vs No SDB, ‡P < 0.05 vs Mild SDB.