Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients with or without Circadian Dysregulation
| Variables | Before PSM | After PSM | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-CM (n = 3658) | CM (n = 894) | P value | Non-CM (n = 892) | CM (n = 894) | ||
| Age | 50.93 ± 17.78 | 46.06 ± 18.06 | <0.001 | 46.1 ± 18.06 | 46.06 ± 18.06 | 0.96 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | 1 | ||||
| male | 1746 (47.73) | 499 (55.82) | 497 (55.72) | 499 (55.82) | ||
| female | 1912 (52.27) | 395 (44.18) | 395 (44.28) | 395 (44.18) | ||
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.239 | ||||
| Mexican American | 544 (14.87) | 99 (11.07) | 98 (10.99) | 99 (11.07) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 362 (9.9) | 84 (9.4) | 89 (9.98) | 84 (9.4) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1282 (35.05) | 276 (30.87) | 275 (30.83) | 276 (30.87) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 764 (20.89) | 251 (28.08) | 258 (28.92) | 251 (28.08) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 532 (14.54) | 118 (13.2) | 131 (14.69) | 118 (13.2) | ||
| Other race | 174 (4.76) | 66 (7.38) | 41 (4.6) | 66 (7.38) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.029 | 0.349 | ||||
| No | 2902 (79.33) | 739 (82.66) | 753 (84.42) | 739 (82.66) | ||
| Yes | 756 (20.67) | 155 (17.34) | 139 (15.58) | 155 (17.34) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.396 | 0.003 | ||||
| No | 2002 (54.73) | 504 (56.38) | 565 (63.34) | 504 (56.38) | ||
| Yes | 1656 (45.27) | 390 (43.62) | 327 (36.66) | 390 (43.62) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.52 ± 6.96 | 29.36 ± 7.67 | 0.573 | 27.72 ± 6.81 | 29.36 ± 7.67 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.237 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.68 ± 1.97 | 5.64 ± 1.95 | 0.645 | 5.46 ± 1.88 | 5.64 ± 1.95 | 0.048 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.85 ± 1.09 | 5.78 ± 1.07 | 0.077 | 5.68 ± 1.02 | 5.78 ± 1.07 | 0.062 |
| hs CRP (mg/L) | 3.91 ± 7.2 | 4.13 ± 8.43 | 0.485 | 3.74 ± 7.22 | 4.13 ± 8.43 | 0.298 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.87 ± 1.05 | 4.8 ± 1.06 | 0.101 | 4.76 ± 1.04 | 4.8 ± 1.06 | 0.383 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.64 ± 1.26 | 1.6 ± 1.18 | 0.407 | 1.37 ± 0.86 | 1.6 ± 1.18 | <0.001 |
| UA (µmol/L) | 323.73 ± 88.24 | 327.77 ± 84.74 | 0.218 | 316.14 ± 87.39 | 327.77 ± 84.74 | 0.005 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.38 ± 0.4 | 1.35 ± 0.38 | 0.089 | 1.4 ± 0.39 | 1.35 ± 0.38 | 0.008 |
| TBIL(μmol/L) | 7.89 ± 4.64 | 7.96 ± 4.71 | 0.672 | 7.68 ± 4.5 | 7.96 ± 4.71 | 0.197 |
| ALB (g/L) | 40.64 ± 3.23 | 40.81 ± 3.42 | 0.186 | 40.71 ± 3.38 | 40.81 ± 3.42 | 0.542 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.53 ± 16.62 | 23.06 ± 21.78 | 0.513 | 12.84 ± 5.71 | 23.06 ± 21.78 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 22.1 ± 12.41 | 22.45 ± 15.86 | 0.553 | 16.66 ± 4.16 | 22.45 ± 15.86 | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 31.47 ± 39.94 | 34.61 ± 62.44 | 0.165 | 20.08 ± 15.92 | 34.61 ± 62.44 | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 78.59 ± 24.64 | 79.58 ± 33 | 0.413 | 75.78 ± 22.31 | 79.58 ± 33 | 0.006 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 78.76 ± 37.69 | 80.8 ± 43.04 | 0.208 | 83.71 ± 58.28 | 80.8 ± 43.04 | 0.235 |
| MAFLD, n (%) | 0.778 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1975 (53.99) | 488 (54.59) | 638 (71.52) | 488 (54.59) | ||
| Yes | 1683 (46.01) | 406 (45.41) | 254 (28.48) | 406 (45.41) | ||
| FLD, n (%) | 0.986 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1935 (52.9) | 472 (52.8) | 623 (69.84) | 472 (52.8) | ||
| Yes | 1723 (47.1) | 422 (47.2) | 269 (30.16) | 422 (47.2) |
Note: Categorical values are shown as n (%). Continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: CM, circadian misalignment; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; hs CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBIL, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; MAFLD, Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; FLD, Fatty liver disease.