Table 2. Women’s characteristics at the first antenatal visit, non-missing observations.
| Characteristics of Women | Control | Intervention | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | N | % | N | % |
| <18 | 77 | 1.0 | 75 | 0.9 |
| 18–35 | 6165 | 81.9 | 6961 | 85.6 |
| >35 | 1283 | 17 | 1070 | 13.2 |
| Household socio-economic status: “Ubudehe” category* | ||||
| Category 1 (poorest) | 892 | 18·3 | 943 | 19.1 |
| Category 2 | 1986 | 40·7 | 1904 | 38.6 |
| Category 3 | 1754 | 35.9 | 1620 | 32.9 |
| Category 4 (richest) | 3 | 0.1 | 6 | 0.1 |
| I don’t know | 48 | 1.0 | 160 | 3.2 |
| None | 198 | 4.0 | 297 | 6·0 |
| Currently has health insurance | ||||
| No | 488 | 9.4 | 979 | 19.8 |
| Yes | 4692 | 90.6 | 3972 | 80.2 |
| Education level | ||||
| None | 691 | 9.2 | 498 | 6.1 |
| Some primary | 3100 | 41.2 | 2900 | 35.3 |
| Completed primary | 1957 | 26.0 | 2398 | 29.2 |
| Some secondary | 995 | 13.2 | 1290 | 15.7 |
| Completed secondary | 625 | 8.3 | 837 | 10.2 |
| Some college or university | 65 | 0.9 | 128 | 1.6 |
| Completed college or university | 95 | 1.3 | 158 | 1.9 |
| Work outside her home | ||||
| Unemployed | 650 | 8.6 | 938 | 11.4 |
| Professional/technical/managerial | 115 | 1.5 | 147 | 1.8 |
| Clerical | 5 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.0 |
| Sales and services | 433 | 5.7 | 439 | 5.3 |
| Skilled manual | 14 | 0.2 | 32 | 0.4 |
| Unskilled manual | 187 | 2.5 | 248 | 3.0 |
| Domestic service | 143 | 1.9 | 609 | 7.4 |
| Agriculture | 5923 | 78.2 | 5683 | 68.8 |
| Other | 61 | 0.8 | 100 | 1.2 |
| Missing | 48 | 0.6 | 59 | 0.7 |
| Cooking fuel at home | ||||
| Wood & Charcoal | 7443 | 98.6 | 8039 | 97.9 |
| Electricity, Kerosene, Gas | 104 | 1.4 | 176 | 2.1 |
| Risk factors for preterm birth | ||||
| Height < 150 cm | 239 | 3.2 | 375 | 4.6 |
| Middle-upper arm circumference < 21 cm | 164 | 2.2 | 354 | 4.3 |
| Previously known human immunodeficiency virus status positive | 102 | 1.7 | 136 | 1.9 |
| Presence of a household smoker | 372 | 4.9 | 326 | 4.0 |
| Nulliparous | 1873 | 25.5 | 2472 | 30.2 |
| History of diabetes | 21 | 0.3 | 28 | 0.3 |
| History of hypertension | 37 | 0.5 | 35 | 0.4 |
| History of stillbirth | 88 | 1.6 | 137 | 2.4 |
| History of infant with low birth weight | 184 | 2.4 | 132 | 1.6 |
| History of preterm birth | 16 | 0.3 | 38 | 0.7 |
| Elevated blood pressure today | 6 | 0.1 | 15 | 0.2 |
| Anemia | 14 | 0.2 | 23 | 0.3 |
| Multiple gestation diagnosed today | 192 | 2.5 | 152 | 1.8 |
| None reported | 6985 | 92.2 | 7651 | 92.6 |
*An Ubedehe category is assigned to each household. Local community members at the cell level are required to gather community members together and, with the help of Ubudehe facilitators/trainers, identify and place community members into different economic categories, ranging from the poorest households (lowest category) to the richest households (highest category) [26].