Table 2. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to Chikungunya (CHIKV), O’nyong nyong (ONNV), Zika (ZIKV), Dengue (DENV), Usutu (USUV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses stratified by monkey species.
| Species | Total | CHIKV E2 | ONNV E2* | ZIKV NS1 | DENV1 NS1 | DENV2 NS1 | DENV3 NS1 | DENV4 NS1 | At least 1 DENV NS1 | USUV_NS1* | WNV NS1* | WNV DIII* | Range (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allan swamp monkey | 41 | - a | - | 1/41 (2.4)b | - | - | - | - | - | 1/41 (2.4) | 2/41 (4.8) | 3/41 (7.3) | (0.0–7.3) |
| Agile mangabey | 128 | 3/128 (2.3) | 4/61 (6.5) | 2/128 (1.5) | 2/128 (1.5) | - | 1/128 (0.8) | 2/128 (1.5) | 3/128(2.3) | 1/112 (0.8) | 1/112 (0.8) | 2/112 (1.7) | (0.0–6.5) |
| Red capped mangabey | 7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–0.0) |
| Angolan colobus | 25 | - | - | 1/25 (4.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | 1/25 (4.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | 2/25 (8.0) | 2/21 (9.5) | 2/21(9.5) | - | (0.0–9.5) |
| Mantled guereza | 34 | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/27 (3.7) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | 1/34 (2.9) | (0.0–3.7) |
| Black colobus | 7 | 2/7 (28.0) | nt c | 1/7(14) | 1/7 (14) | 2/7 (28.0) | 1/7 (14) | 1/7 (14) | 2/7 (28.0) | - | - | - | (0.0–28.0) |
| Tsuapa red colobus | 86 | 2/86 (2.3) | 3/85 (3.5) | 1/86 (1.1) | 1/86 (1.1) | 1/86 (1.1) | - | 1/86 (1.1) | 3/86 (3.4) | 3/85 (3.4) | 1/85 (1.1) | 5/85 (5.8) | (0.0–5.8) |
| Red tailed monkey | 234 | 8/234 (3.4) | 23/181 (12) | 11/234 (4.7) | 6/234 (2.6) | 6/234 (2.6) | 5/234 (2.1) | 7/234 (3.0) | 12/234 (5.1) | 8/181 (4.5) | 8/181 (4.5) | 13/181 (7.1) | (2.6–12.0) |
| Mustached monkey | 504 | 21/504 (4.1) | 7/148 (4.7) | 12/504 (2.3) | 7/504 (1.3) | 15/504 (2.9) | 6/504 (1.2) | 9/504 (1.7) | 20/504 (3.9) | 7/369 (1.8) | 5/369 (1.3) | 10/369 (2.7) | (1.2–4.7) |
| Hamlyn’s monkey | 6 | - | nt | - | - | - | - | - | - | nt | nt | nt | (0.0–0.0) |
| l’Hoest’s monkey | 38 | - | nt | - | - | - | - | - | - | nt | nt | nt | (0.0–0.0) |
| Blue monkey | 51 | 16/51 (31.0) | nt | 1/51 (1.9) | - | - | 1/51 (1.9) | - | 1/51 (1.9) | nt | nt | nt | (0.0–31.0) |
| Mona monkey | 9 | - | 1/9 (11) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–11.0) |
| De Brazza monkey | 59 | - | 2/43 (4.6) | 2/59 (3.3) | - | - | - | 1/59 (1.7) | 1/59 (1.7) | 2/53 (3.7) | 3/53 (5.6) | 4/53 (7.5) | (0.0–7.5) |
| Greater spot-nosed | 385 | 6/385 (1.5) | 9/210 (4.2) | 17/385 (4.4) | 7/385 (1.8) | 18/385 (4.7) | 9/385 (2.3) | 10/385 (2.6) | 29/385 (7.5) | 12/315 (3.8) | 6/315 (1.9) | 7/315 (2.2) | (1.5–7.5) |
| Crested mona monkey | 182 | 2/182 (1.0) | 3/77 (3.8) | 6/182 (3.3) | 7/182 (3.8) | 8/182 (4.4) | 5/182 (2.7) | 5/182 (2.7) | 9/182 (4.9) | 3/137 (2.1) | 4/137 (2.9) | 2/137 (1.4) | (1.0–4.9) |
| Preuss monkey | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–0.0) |
| Wolf’s monkey | 71 | 1/71 (1.4) | 2/55 (3.6) | 1/71 (1.4) | 2/71 (2.8) | 2/71 (2.8) | 3/71 (4.2) | 1/71 (1.4) | 5/71 (7.0) | 1/55 (1.8) | 1/55 (1.8) | - | (0.0–7.0) |
| Tantalus monkey | 14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/14 (7.1) | (0.0–7.1) |
| Patas monkey | 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/16 (6.2) | (0.0–6.2) |
| Grey cheecked mangabey | 110 | 5/110 (4.5) | - | 7/110 (6.3) | 5/110 (4.5) | 5/110 (4.5) | 5/110 (4.5) | 8/110 (7.2) | 9/110 (8.1) | 2/74 (2.7) | 1/74 (1.3) | 3/74 (4.0) | (0.9–8.1) |
| Black mangabey | 33 | - | 1/29 (3.4) | - | - | - | - | 1/33 (3.0) | 1/33 (3.0) | - | - | - | (0.0–3.0) |
| Drill | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–0.0) |
| Mandrill | 24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–0.0) |
| Northern talapoin | 18 | - | - | 1/18 (5.5) | 2/18 (11.0) | 1/18 (5.5) | 1/18 (5.5) | 1/18 (5.5) | 2/18 (11) | 1/18 (5.5) | - | 2/18 (11.1) | (0.0–11.0) |
| Olive baboon | 16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (0.0–0.0) |
| Total | 2100 | 67/2100 (3.2) | 56/1109 (5.0) | 65/2100 (3.0) | 43/2100 (2.0) | 60/2100 (2.8) | 40/2100 (1.9) | 50/2100 (2.3) | 100/2100 (4.6) | 44/1613 (2.7) | 37/1613 (2.3) | 54/1613 (3.3) | (1.9–4.9) |
a -: no positive samples detected
b n/N tested (percentages)
c: nt, not tested.
*The total of samples tested on ONNV, Usutu and WNV antigens are different to those tested on the other antigens for certain species.