Table 5. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), Dengue (DENV), Usutu (USUV), O’Nyong nyong (ONNV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses stratified by ape species and collection site as shown in Fig 1.
| Country | Sampling site | CHIKV | ONNV | ZIKV | DV1 | DV2 | DV3 | DV4 | USUV | WNV | WNV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E2 | E2 | NS1 | NS1 | NS1 | NS1 | NS1 | NS1 | NS1 | DIII | ||
| Bonobo | |||||||||||
| DRCa | LP (n = 14) | - b | - | - | - | 1 (7.14) c | - | - | - | 2 (14.2) | - |
| DRC | ML (n = 18) | - | - | 1 (5.55) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| DRC | MZ (n = 183) | 1 (0.54) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| DRC | LA (n = 137) | - | - | - | - | 3 (2.1) | - | 2 (1.4) | - | 12 (8.75) | - |
| Subtotal | n = 352 | 1 (0.28) | - | 1 (0.28) | - | 4 (1.13) | - | 2 (0.56) | - | 14 (3.97) | - |
| Chimpanzee | |||||||||||
| CMR | EK (n = 35) | - | 2 (5.71) | 1 (2.85) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | BQ (n = 29) | - | 2 (6.89) | 2 (6.9) | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (6.89) | - |
| CMR | CP (n = 5) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | MB (n = 113) | 1 (0.88) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.88) | - |
| DRC | BB (n = 10) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (20.0) | - |
| DRC | LS (n = 71) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Subtotal | n = 263 | 1 (0.38) | 4 (1.52) | 3 (1.14) | - | - | - | - | - | 5 (1.90) | - |
| Gorilla | |||||||||||
| DRC | IB (n = 47) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (4.25) | - |
| CMR | EK (n = 65) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | BQ (n = 127) | 9 (7.08) | 7 (5.51) | 10 (7.8) | - | - | - | 1 (0.78) | - | - | 3 (2.36) |
| CMR | SO (n = 49) | 3 (6.12) | 2 (4.08) | 2 (4.08) | 2 (4.08) | 2 (4.08) | 2 (4.08) | 2 (4.08) | 1 (2.04) | 4 (8.16) | 2 (4.08) |
| CMR | BP (n = 85) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | CP (n = 195) | 6 (3.07) | 3 (1.53) | 2 (1.02) | 1 (0.51) | 1 (0.51) | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.51) |
| CMR | MS (n = 48) | - | 1 (2.08) | 2 (4.16) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | DJ (n = 104) | 6 (5.76) | 2 (1.92) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | MT (n = 40) | 9 (18.3) | 7 (17.5) | 2 (5.00) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 (7.5) |
| CMR | LB (n = 20) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CMR | MB (n = 23) | 2 (8.69) | 1 (4.34) | 1 (4.34) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Subtotal | n = 803 | 35 (4.35) | 23 (2.82) | 19 (2.36) | 3 (0.37) | 3 (0.37) | 2 (0.25) | 3 (0.37) | 1 (0.12) | 6 (0.74) | 9 (1.12) |
| Total | n = 1418 | 37 (2.60) | 27 (1.90) | 23 (1.62) | 3 (0.21) | 7 (0.49) | 2 (0.14) | 5 (0.35) | 1 (0.07) | 25 (1.76) | 9 (0.63) |
a CMR, Cameroon; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo
b no positive samples were identified
c number of positives (percentages)