Table 1.
Pharmacological and Genetic Tools for Manipulation of Endocytosis
| Pathways | Chemical inhibitors | Genetic Targets | Protein Engineering | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clathrin-mediated | Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin*, Chlorpromazine, Monodansylcadaverine, Pitstop, Tyrphostin A23, Endosidin 9, ES9–17, Ikarugamycin | Clathrin heavy chain, Clathrin light chain, AP-2 μ2 subunit, Epsins, Dynamins | “Hot Wiring”, “Molecular Switch” | [9, 10, 19–27, 29–35, 37–42, 382] |
| Caveolae- mediated | Filipin, Nystatin, Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin | Caveolin family proteins, Cavins, Dynamins | N/A | [9, 10, 35–41, 68, 70–77] |
| Macropinocytosis | EIPA, Wortmannin, Imipramine, Phenoxybenzamine, Vinblastine | Myosins, Ras, PI3 kinase, Src, Rac, Microtubules, Dynein motors, Arf6 effectors, JIP3/JIP4 | N/A | [9, 119–122, 126, 383] |
| CAM-mediated | Amiloride, Bisindolylmaleimide-1,(5-isoquiniline sulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, Latrunculin, Radicicol, Y27632 | Protein kinase C, Dynamin, Actin, Src kinase and Rho kinase, Na+/H+ exchanger family proteins | N/A | [194, 202] |
| IL-2R-mediated | Dynasore, Dyngo-4a, Cytochalasin D, Latrunculin A, Jasplakinolide, | Endophilins, Dynamin, Rac, Rho, Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, PAK1, Actin, Cdc42 | N/A | [209, 210] |
| Phagocytosis | Cytochalasin B, Adenosine, Deoxyadenosine, Adenine arabinoside, Mycotrienin, Piericidin, Genistein, Latrunculin A, Thimerosal and P-nitrophenyl methyl disulfide | RAC1, DOCK2, SCAR/WAVE complex, ARP2/3 complex, mTOR-associated Regulator complex, NHLRC2 | N/A | [139–143, 156] |
*
Bold: Identified in multiple studies; Not bold: Supported by 1–2 studies