Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of participants with and without elevated Lp(a) (≥30 mg/dL) at baseline
| Characteristic | n | Lp(a) <30 mg/dL | Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5975 | 4017 | 1958 | - |
| Age (years) | 5975 | 61.7 (10.2) | 61.8 (10.0) | 0.75 |
| Women, n (%) | 5975 | 2020 (50.3) | 1110 (56.7) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 2367 | 1781 (44.3) | 586 (29.9) | <0.001 |
| African American | 1602 | 692 (17.2) | 910 (46.5) | |
| Hispanic American | 1303 | 972 (24.2) | 331 (16.9) | |
| Chinese American | 703 | 572 (14.2) | 131 (6.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| <High school | 1001 | 700 (17.5) | 301 (15.5) | 0.04 |
| High school | 2463 | 1617 (40.3) | 846 (43.4) | |
| >High school | 2493 | 1692 (42.2) | 801 (41.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 5975 | 5.3 (28.1) | 5.6 (28.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 3009 | 2030 (50.6) | 979 (50.3) | 0.05 |
| Former | 2197 | 1502 (37.5) | 695 (35.7) | |
| Current | 752 | 478 (11.9) | 274 (14.1) | |
| Pack-years of smoking | 5898 | 11.3 (21.5) | 10.4 (18.4) | 0.09 |
| Current alcohol intake, n (%) | 5935 | 2274 (56.9) | 1092 (56.3) | 0.64 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/weeks) | 5960 | 96.4 (100.9) | 99.8 (92.2) | 0.21 |
| Family history of heart attack, n (%) | 5615 | 1582 (41.9) | 818 (44.5) | 0.06 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 5969 | 77.9 (15.7) | 77.9 (16.5) | 0.89 |
| Lipid-lowering medications, n (%) | 5960 | 631 (15.7) | 337 (17.3) | 0.14 |
| Glucose-lowering medication, n (%) | 5960 | 343 (8.6) | 188 (9.6) | 0.18 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication, n (%) | 5972 | 1402 (34.9) | 764 (39.0) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5969 | 191 (35) | 200 (36) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5897 | 114 (30) | 124 (31) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5966 | 50 (15) | 52.6 (15) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)a | 5969 | 117 (80–169) | 99 (73–142) | <0.001 |
| Lp-PLA2 mass (ng/mL) | 4699 | 178 (47) | 177 (41) | 0.60 |
| Lp-PLA2 activity (nmol/min/mL) | 4765 | 150 (36) | 147 (36) | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)a | 5969 | 90 (83–99) | 89 (83–99) | 0.06 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L)a | 5966 | 8.4 (6.0–12.4) | 7.7 (5.8–11.5) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRa | 5958 | 0.96 (0.68–1.41) | 0.88 (0.65–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5969 | 453 (11.3) | 248 (12.7) | 0.12 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 5973 | 125 (21) | 127 (22) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 5973 | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5975 | 1682 (41.9) | 931 (47.5) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L)a | 5956 | 1.78 (0.78–4.05) | 2.10 (0.96–4.46) | <0.001 |
| IL-2 sRα (ng/mL)a | 2490 | 0.894 (0.723–1.152) | 0.887 (0.716–1.091) | 0.01 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)a | 5851 | 1.17 (0.75–1.83) | 1.22 (0.79–1.90) | 0.02 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL)a | 2466 | 7.48 (5.48–10.40) | 7.51 (5.61–10.93) | 0.19 |
| sICAM (ng/mL) | 2420 | 275 (88) | 257 (91) | <0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L)a | 5971 | 8.6 (7.3–10.4) | 8.6 (7.2–10.4) | 0.62 |
| sTNF-R1 (ng/mL)a | 2502 | 1.29 (1.10–1.54) | 1.27 (1.10–1.49) | 0.16 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 5959 | 338 (70) | 360 (77) | <0.001 |
| Factor VIII (%) | 5958 | 97 (36) | 101 (39) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (μg/ml)a | 5961 | 0.20 (0.13–0.35) | 0.23 (0.13–0.42) | <0.001 |
| PAP (nM)a | 5838 | 4.21 (3.31–5.39) | 4.62 (3.63–5.97) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD), n (%), or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance; IL, interleukin; IL-2 sRα, interleukin-2 soluble receptor α; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); Lp-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; PAP, plasmin-antiplasmin complex; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sTNF-R1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.
P values were estimated using ln-transformed data.