Table 4.

Association of baseline Lp(a) levels with annual absolute change in CAC volume by race/ethnicity

Sub-group	n	Mean change (SD) in CAC volume, mm³/year	B (95% CI)	p-value
Lp(a) (per SD in ln-transformed unit)
Caucasian	2367	23.5 (51.8)	−1.16 (−3.24, 0.94)	0.28
African American	1602	18.4 (46.8)	2.72 (−0.09, 5.53)	0.06
Hispanic American	1303	18.7 (46.0)	3.01 (0.38, 5.64)	0.02
Chinese American	703	17.3 (40.0)	0.26 (−3.22, 3.74)	0.88
Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL
Caucasian
No	1781	24.2 (51.9)	-	-
Yes	586	21.5 (51.6)	−1.45 (−6.17, 3.27)	0.55
African American
No	692	14.7 (36.7)	-	-
Yes	910	21.3 (53.0)	4.72 (0.69, 8.74)	0.02
Hispanic American
No	972	17.2 (42.7)	-	-
Yes	331	23.3 (54.4)	8.76 (2.61, 14.91)	0.005
Chinese American
No	572	17.5 (40.9)	-	-
Yes	131	16.5 (35.7)	−0.83 (−7.26, 5.59)	0.80
Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL
Caucasian
No	1996	23.6 (51.0)	-	-
Yes	371	23.2 (55.9)	−1.06 (−6.98, 4.86)	0.73
African American
No	1059	16.0 (40.3)	-	-
Yes	543	23.2 (57.0)	4.47 (−0.61, 9.55)	0.08
Hispanic American
No	1104	16.9 (41.6)	-	-
Yes	199	28.8 (64.5)	13.98 (4.92, 23.03)	0.003
Chinese American
No	635	17.5 (40.4)	-	-
Yes	68	15.6 (35.2)	−0.96 (−9.31, 7.39)	0.82

For continuous Lp(a) levels, regression coefficient (B) is expressed as change in CAC volume or density related to one SD unit (1.144) increase in ln-transformed Lp(a) levels (mg/dL).

All data were adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, pack-years of smoking, current alcohol use, physical activity, BMI, ln-transformed fasting glucose, SBP, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ln-transformed triglycerides, use of lipid-lowering medication, use of hypertensive medication, use of glucose lowering medication, family history of heart attack, and eGFR at baseline.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcification; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.