TABLE 1.
Variables and descriptive statistics
| Variable | Primary source | Secondary source | N | Year(s) | Median | Minimum; maximum | Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State institutions | |||||||
| Party control | WIK | 50 | 2020 | ||||
| Gender of governor | WIK | 50 | 2020 | ||||
| Government spending | SIP | Census Bureau | 51 | 2015 | 10.059 | 16.553 | 3.186 |
| People cultural values | |||||||
| Collectivism | VAN | 50 | 1997 | 49.500 | [31; 91] | 11.336 | |
| Racial composition | |||||||
| Black and African American | CHR | Census population est. | 3130 | 2018 | 2.251 | [0.512; 85.414] | 14.370 |
| Native American | CHR | Census population est. | 3141 | 2018 | 0.640 | [0.000; 92.515] | 7.600 |
| Asian American | CHR | Census population est. | 3141 | 2018 | 0.736 | [0.000; 43.357] | 2.953 |
| Native Hawaiian | CHR | Census population est. | 3141 | 2018 | 0.063 | [0.000; 48.900] | 1.081 |
| Hispanic American | CHR | Census population est. | 3141 | 2018 | 4.405 | [0.610; 96.360] | 14.273 |
| Income and education | |||||||
| Household income | CHR | Small area income and poverty est. | 3140 | 2018 | 50 547.500 | [15.229; 140 382] | 14 124.747 |
| Nonproficiency in English | CHR | Census population est. | 3141 | 2014‐18 | 0.748 | [0.000; 51.77] | 3.720 |
| Math grade | CHR | Stanford education data archive | 2467 | 2016 | 3.013 | [1.654; 68 943] | 3107.118 |
| Other demographics | |||||||
| Persons under 18 years | CHR | Census population est. | 3140 | 2018 | 22.063 | [7.069; 41.991] | 3.461 |
| Median age | SCP | American community survey | 3142 | 2012‐16 | 41.000 | [21.500; 66.000] | 5.355 |
| Female persons | CHR | Census population est. | 3138 | 2018 | 50.301 | [0.192; 76.208] | 2.659 |
| Personal health | |||||||
| Social associations | CHR | County business patterns | 3141 | 2017 | 11.096 | [0.000; 52.314] | 5.912 |
| Sleep deprivation | CHR | Behavioral risk factor surveillance system | 3141 | 2016 | 32.949 | [8.937; 46.708] | 4.282 |
| Preventable hospitalization | CHR | Mapping Medicare disparities tool | 3098 | 2017 | 4705 | [34; 16 851] | 1856.793 |
| Obesity | CHR | United States Diabetes Surveillance System | 3072 | 2016 | 31.300 | [11.800; 47.600] | 4.510 |
| Smoking | CHR | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | 3072 | 2020 | 17.409 | [6.546; 41.389] | 11.600 |
| External health | |||||||
| Air pollution | CHR | Environmental public health tracking network | 3107 | 2014 | 9.400 | [2.300; 19.700] | 1.985 |
| Rural area | CHR | Census population est. | 3134 | 2010 | 59.517 | [0.000; 100.000] | 31.437 |
| Food environment | CHR | USDA food environment atlas; map the meal gap from Feeding America | 2015‐17 | 7.700 | [0.000; 34.5000] | 1.512 | |
| Other confounders | |||||||
| Density | SCP | American community survey | 3142 | 2012–16 | 44.967 | [0.384; 71 615.813] | 1787.612 |
| Temperature a | NCDC | 3141 | 2017 | 43.000 | [−14.200; 73.500] | 11.650 |
Note: This table lists the independent variables at both levels of analysis and their provenance. CHR: County health rankings, www.countyhealthrankings.org; SCP: Social Capital Project, https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2018/4/the‐geography‐of‐social‐capital‐in‐america; NCDC: National Centers for Environment Information, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/county/mapping/1/tavg/202003/2/value; VAN: Collectivism index proposed by Vandello and Cohen 5 ; WIK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_governors.
The NCDCs do not provide temperature mapping for Hawaii; all Hawaiian counties replaced by historical average data from http://holiday‐weather.com/hawaii/averages. All websites accessed in May 2020.