Table 2.

Mean abundance (%) of bacterial phyla in the gut microbiomes of healthy controls (HC, n = 30), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n = 24) and diabetic retinopathy (DR, n = 28) individuals.

S. No	Phyla	HC (n = 30)			T2DM (n = 24)			DR (n = 28)			p value
		Mean	Range	Density	Mean	Range	Density	Mean	Range	Density	HC vs. T2DM vs. DR	HC vs. T2DM	HC vs. DR	T2DM vs. DR
1	Firmicutes	57.72	38.96–77.31	30	59.42	31.85–85.35	24	53.44	17.53–76.01	28	0.459	0.712	0.447	0.26
2	Bacteroidetes	28.58	6.24–43.83	30	23.09	4.41–38.64	24	22.95	7.43–51.98	28	0.065	0.128	0.032	0.75
3	Proteobacteria	8.94	2.7–21.96	30	10.73	1.29–32.47	24	12.76	2.07–46.03	28	0.71	0.924	0.454	0.668
4	Actinobacteria	3.07	0.25–12.8	30	4.22	0.78–18.93	24	2.32	0.5–24.45	28	0.003	0.415	0.021	0
Average abundance		98.31			97.46			91.47
5	Verrucomicrobia	1.04	0.06–16.87	30	0.9	0–10.99	24	5.69	1.01–54.31	28	0	0.678	0	0
6	Cyanobacteria	0.3	0.02–2	30	0.24	0.02–1.61	24	0.19	0.02–1.92	28	0.465	0.924	0.638	0.124
7	Elusimicrobia	0.11	0.01–1.98	30	0.01	0–0.08	24	0.04	0.01–0.55	28	0	0	0.197	0
8	Tenericutes	0.05	0.01–0.21	30	0.08	0–0.38	24	0.17	0.02–1.29	28	0.032	0.141	0.011	0.663
9	Euryarchaeota	0.03	0.01–0.23	30	0.41	0.04–3.63	24	0.16	0–1.36	28	0	0	0.163	0
10	Fusobacteria	0.03	0–0.19	27	0.01	0–0.12	24	0	0–0.02	28	0	0.002	0	0
11	TM7	0.02	0–0.17	30	0	0–0.01	24	0	0–0.02	28	0	0	0	0.75
12	Crenarchaeota	0.01	0–0.06	20	0	0–0	0	0	0–0	0	0	0	0	NA
13	Spirochaetes	0.01	0–0.04	22	0.17	0–2.16	20	0	0–0	19	0	0	0	0
14	Lentisphaerae	0	0–0.02	30	0.02	0–0.2	24	0.01	0–0.06	28	0	0	0.006	0.017
15	Synergistetes	0	0–0.01	30	0.01	0–0.04	24	0.04	0.01–0.63	28	0	0	0	0
16	Unclassified	0.09	0.03–0.24	30	0.68	0.39–2.75	24	2.23	0.45–12.93	28	0	0	0	0
Average abundance		1.69			2.53			8.53