Table 5.
Bacterial genera exhibiting significant differential abundance (BH corrected p < 0.05) between the gut microbiomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n = 24) and diabetic retinopathy (DR, n = 28) individuals.
| S. no. | Genus | Median abundance (%) | Characteristics | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | DR | ||||
| Genera decreased in DR | |||||
| 1 | Bifidobacterium | 1.62 | 0.58 | Probiotic/aanti-inflammatory/antibacterial | 66,68,79,80 |
| 2 | Mitsuokella | 0.97 | 0.43 | aAnti-inflammatory | 81 |
| 3 | Streptococcus | 0.43 | 0.23 | Probiotic/aanti-inflammatory/pathogen | 66,79,82 |
| 4 | Klebsiella | 0.31 | 0.06 | Pathogen | 74 |
| 5 | Desulfovibrio | 0.16 | 0.04 | Pathogen | 87 |
| 6 | Lachnobacterium | 0.13 | 0.03 | Not known | |
| 7 | Erwinia | 0.09 | 0.01 | Pathogen | 86 |
| 8 | Treponema | 0.09 | 0 | Pathogen | 76 |
| 9 | Methanobrevibacter | 0.07 | 0.03 | Pro-inflammatory | 75 |
| 10 | Haemophilus | 0.06 | 0.01 | Pathogen | 70 |
| 11 | Asteroleplasma | 0.05 | 0.01 | Not known | |
| 12 | Anaerovibrio | 0.01 | 0 | Not known | |
| 13 | Weissella | 0.01 | 0 | Probiotic/anti-inflammatory/antibacterial | 77,78 |
| Genera increased in DR | |||||
| 1 | Akkermansia | 0.53 | 1.16 | aAnti-inflammatory | 66 |
| 2 | Phascolarctobacterium | 0.02 | 0.14 | aAnti-inflammatory | 68,69 |
| 3 | Alistipes | 0.01 | 0.03 | aAnti-inflammatory | 69,71 |
| 4 | Shigella | 0.01 | 0.03 | Pathogen/Pro-inflammatory | 93 |
| 5 | Cloacibacillus | 0 | 0.02 | Pathogen | 90 |
| 6 | Enterococcus | 0 | 0.01 | Pathogen/probiotic | 84,91 |
aBased on the capability to produce short chain fatty acid.