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. 2021 Feb 2;11:2781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82238-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biomass and phenotypic changes in Broccoli cultivars in response to root tip inoculation with strains of three Paraburkholderia species. (a) Pictures of MS agar plate with two Broccoli cultivars (Coronado and Malibu) at 11 days post inoculation with strains of three Paraburkholderia species (Pbg: Paraburkholderia graminis PHS1, Pbh: P. hospita mHSR1, and Pbt: P. terricola mHS1). (b) Percent changes in shoot and root biomass (mean ± standard error, n = 4 (shoot) and n = 6 (root)) of two Broccoli cultivars inoculated with the strains of the Paraburkholderia species. Treatments sharing the same letters are not significantly different (Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, P < 0.05). (c) Temporal changes in shoot biomass of two Broccoli cultivars (Coronado and Malibu) inoculated with the Paraburkholderia species. Asterisks in panels b and c denote significant differences from the non-treated control samples (two-tailed Student’s t test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01).