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. 2021 Feb 2;11:2781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82238-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rhizobacteria-mediated changes in the shoot secondary metabolites in Broccoli cultivars. (a) Principal component analysis (PCA) and (b) Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on differentially regulated metabolites of the samples at 6 dpi (1) and 11 dpi (2). In the HCA, metabolite clusters are indicated by different colors. Information on the representative metabolites of each clusters is given on the right side, if the metabolites are annotated. Broccoli cultivars (Cor: Coronado, Mal: Malibu), Cont.: non-rhizobacteria treated control, Pbg: Paraburkholderia graminis PHS1, Pbh: P. hospita mHSR1 and Pbt: P. terricola mHS1. *GLS = glucosinolate, **D = derivative. Some primary metabolites were also detected in the semi-polar fraction of the shoot extract, eluting at the early stage of the chromatographic separation and are listed among the secondary metabolites in panels b1 and b2.