Table 2.

The behavioural patterns utilised in this study grouped into categories. For the description of the behaviours, see Supplementary Information.

Behavioural category	Observed behavioural patterns
Activity	Standing, walking, trotting, galloping, in/out from the internal to the external area of the cage and vice-versa
Aggressive behaviour	Growling, sideways glance, raising fur, curling lip, showing teeth, dashing at bars
Displacing activities	Body shaking, scratching, muzzle licking, auto-grooming
Stereotyped or repetitive behaviour	Repetitive pacing in circles, licking or biting compulsively, catching flies, coprophagy, obsessed with an object, self-mutilation
Attention	Raising ears, looking outside, looking out carefully, looking at observer, looking at unknown people, looking at volunteer, looking at dog, raising foreleg, raising forelegs on wall
Olfactory investigation	Sniffing environment, sniffing air, sniffing observer, sniffing unknown people, sniffing volunteer, sniffing dog
Dominant behaviour	Staring, stiff body and tail still, raised tail, wagging with the tail held high, pricked-up ears, paw or a muzzle on a conspecific’s back
Submissive behaviour	Avoiding eye contact, ears down, cringing, tail between the legs, lying down on the back
Vocal communication	Barking, whining, grumbling, mumbling, howling, snorting
Affiliative behaviour	Wagging tail, offering the front paw, leaning on bars
Resting	Sitting, lying, dozing
Playing	Inviting to play, answering invitation to play