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. 2021 Feb 2;11:2789. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-80995-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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WM tasks and behavioral results. (A) Change detection and (B) 3-back task showing the shapes, spatial locations, and verbal stimuli used in Experiment 1A. Behavioral Results for Experiment 1A visual change detection and 3-back tasks (C). Those with a hmTBI performed significantly less accurately than controls across tasks and stimuli. (D). Experiment 1B used aurally presented digits and letters and observed no accuracy difference between groups but did reveal a significant speeding in the hmTBI group. (E) Behavioral results showing accuracy, but no reaction time deficit in both hmTBI and SR-mTBI compared to controls, in Experiment 2. *p < 0.05 and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. hmTBI history of mTBI, SR-mTBI sports related mTBI.