In rodents (left panel), the highest concentration of VGLUT2-expressing DA neurons (TH+/VGLUT2+) are in the medial regions of the VTA (darker shading), including the RLi and IF nuclei [43, 46]. In humans (right panel), most TH+/VGLUT2+ co-expressing neurons are found in the PBP [48]. RLi: rostral linear nucleus, IF: interfascicular nucleus, PN: paranigral nucleus, PBP: parabrachial pigmental nucleus, VTASub: VTA subdivision.