Table 3.

Interventions Effective in Improving Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy and Reducing Incidence of CS in the US

Author	Study	Location	Date	Study population	Description of Intervention	Results
Swain GR	Reducing the incidence of congenital syphilis in Milwaukee: a public/private partnership	Wisconsin	1992–1996	Pregnant women; physicians	-Asked public health nursing staff and Women, Infants and Children (WIC) providers to request 3 tests for syphilis from a pregnant woman’s provider. -Encouraged agencies which ran pregnancy tests for high-risk women to run a syphilis serology in parallel. -Targeted hospitals with the highest numbers of CS and provided education on epidemiology and screening guidelines for CS to medical staff. -Engaged the help of HMOs to encourage physicians to screen for syphilis according to guidelines.	Calculated a 47% reduction in the risk of a pregnant woman with syphilis giving birth to an infant with CS (RR=0.53, 95% CI 0.33–0.84, P-0.0025)
Matthias J	Effectiveness of Prenatal Screening and Treatment to Prevent Congenital Syphilis	Louisiana, Florida	2013–2014	Pregnant women	Retrospectively analyzed the effect of third trimester screening (defined as 28 weeks GA to 30 days before delivery) on reducing rates of CS.	Identified 30 potential CS cases prevented due to third trimester screening and treatment.
Blank S	New Approaches to Syphilis Control	New York	1996	Female correctional inmates	Introduced on-site, rapid nontreponemal syphilis testing to the usual admission medical evaluation at a women’s correctional health clinic and evaluated its effectiveness in preventing CS.	Identified 17 of 55 pregnant women with positive syphilis tests. Prospective follow up for birth outcomes revealed 8 live births, of which only one which required CS treatment.
Silberstein GS	Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit of Enhancements to a Syphilis Screening and Treatment Program	New York	2000	Male and female correctional inmates	Implemented a rapid syphilis-screening program and estimated the number of cases of CS prevented using a model developed by the CDC.	Prevented 6.42 total case-equivalents of congenital syphilis.