Table 2.
The basic characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Country/Region | Sample size (finished, N) | Gender | Age (years) | Blood pressure | Diagnosis of hypertension | Intervention | Control | Frequency and duration | Outcome parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/F | SBP/DBP (mmHg) | |||||||||
| Gou et al. (25) | China |
N: 108 TCE: 54 CON: 54 |
TCE: 30/24 CON: 31/23 |
TCE: 75.38 ± 5.69 CON: 74.29 ± 4.58 |
NA | NA | Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 6 months (patient customization) | Quality of life (GQOL-74) |
| Han et al. (26) | China |
N: 58 TCE: 30 CON: 28 |
38/22 | 62.12 ± 10.51 | 163.1 ± 8.2/ 100.2 ± 9.1 |
WHO/ISH | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 1–2 sessions per day (45–60 min per session) for 5 years | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Hong and Wang (27) | China |
N: 50 TCE: 25 CON: 25 |
NA | NA | TCE: 134.08 ± 8.87/88.32 ± 5.99 CON: 131.88 ± 6.61/89.56 ± 4.88 |
NA | Traditional Shaolin Yijinjing | Routine lifestyle | 7 sessions per week (1.5 h per session) for 12 weeks | Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) |
| Li (28) | China |
N: 122 TCE: 61 CON: 61 |
TCE: 30/31 CON: 33/28 |
TCE: 51.08 ± 8.77 CON: 50.51 ± 8.68 |
TCE: 161.58 ± 18.24/110.51 ± 12.36 CON: 158.61 ± 22.13/107.94 ± 12.78 |
NA | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 5–8 sessions per week (50–60 min per session) for 12 weeks | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Liu et al. (29) | China |
N: 70 TCE: 35 CON: 35 |
TCE: 18/17 CON: 19/16 |
TCE: 62.4 ± 2.4 CON: 63.1 ± 2.1 |
TCE: 157.96 ± 15.24/97.24 ± 6.84 CON: 158.45 ± 15.73/97.85 ± 6.58 |
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in China (2010 revised version) | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 1 session (40–60 min) per day for 1 year | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Ma et al. (30) | China |
N: 113 TCE: 55 CON: 58 |
TCE: 54/25 CON: 55/24 |
TCE: 70.24 ± 10.25 CON: 69.71 ± 10.84 |
TCE: 149.06 ± 19.51/90.74 ± 8.24 CON: 150.19 ± 18.30/89.16 ± 9.37 |
NA | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Usual care | 3–5 sessions per week (60 min per session) for 24 weeks | Health-related quality of life (SF-36) |
| Park et al. (31) | Republic of Korea |
N: 52 TCE: 25 CON: 27 |
TCE: 13/12 CON: 22/5 |
TCE: 54.52 ± 6.96 CON: 52.93 ± 8.45 |
TCE: 134.45 ± 10.41/85.23 ± 6.43 CON: 130.47 ± 13.93/ 85.41 ± 7.83 |
NA | Dongeui Qigong | Routine lifestyles | 5–7 sessions per week (50 min per session) for 12 weeks | Quality of life (MYMOP) |
| Shou et al. (32) | China |
N: 198 TCE: 98 CON: 100 |
TCE: 48/50 CON: 55/45 |
TCE: M: 52 ± 6.46; F: 51 ± 7.09 CON: M: 52 ± 8.98; F: 51 ± 7.54 |
TCE: 139.42 ± 9.47/ 83.20 ± 9.45 CON: 142.90 ± 7.91/ 82.40 ± 7.82 |
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in China (2010 revised version) | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | General daily lifestyle intervention | 1–2 sessions per day (40–90min per session) for 3 months | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Sun et al. (33) | Australia |
N: 266 TCE: 136 CON: 130 |
TCE: 19/117 CON: 29/101 |
45–80 | TCE: 130.71 ± 16.65/82.21 ± 7.94 CON: 130.46 ± 15.97/81.92 ± 8.25 | World Diabetes Association standard 2002 | Tai Chi | Non-exercise-related activities | 3-h group exercise and 2-h home exercise per week for 12 months | Health-related quality of life (SF-36) |
| Xiao et al. (34) | China |
N: 84 TCE: 42 CON: 42 |
TCE: 24/18 CON: 22/20 |
TCE: 60.2 ± 4.6 CON: 60.5 ± 4.9 |
TCE: 151.4 ± 10.3/90.8 ± 10.5 CON: 151.8 ± 10.2/90.4 ± 10.2 |
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in China (2010 revised version) | Eight-style Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 5 sessions per week (60 min per session) for 3 months | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Xu et al. (35) | China |
N: 60 TCE: 30 CON: 30 |
TCE: 17/13 CON: 18/12 |
TCE: 38.07 ± 8.09 CON: 37.63 ± 9.09 |
TCE: 158.4 ± 8.8/97.5 ± 4.2 CON: 159.1 ± 7.5/96.7 ± 5.0 |
WHO/ISH (4th revised version) | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 2 sessions per day (10 min per session) for 8 weeks | Quality of life (SF-36) |
| Zhang. (36) | China |
N: 82 TCE: 41 CON: 41 |
TCE: 26/15 CON: 25/16 |
TCE: 55.2 ± 5.3 CON: 55.3 ± 5.1 |
NA | NA | Wuqinxi | Conventional therapy | 1 session per day (1.5 h per session) for 6 months | Quality of life (PRO) |
| Zheng et al. (37) | China |
N: 98 TCE: 49 CON: 49 |
TCE: 20/29 CON: 19/30 |
TCE: 54.71 ± 5.43 CON: 55.77 ± 6.24 |
TCE: 157.96 ± 15.24/97.24 ± 6.84 CON: 158.45 ± 15.73/97.85 ± 6.58 |
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in China (2010 revised version) | Simplified 24-form Tai Chi | Conventional therapy | 4–8 sessions per week (40–60 min per session) for 3 months | Quality of life (Leishmania hypertension scale) |
N, number; M, male; F, female; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TCE, traditional Chinese exercises; CON, control interventions; NA, not available; WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension; GQOL-74, Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74; SF-36, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life; MYMOP, Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile; PRO, Patient-Reported Outcomes.