Table 5.

Positive and negative affect responses in parents and staff.

	Program	Before	After	Change	Cohen’s d	Interaction F	η p 2
Positive emotions
Parents						6.85 *	0.22
	Kindness	4.07 (0.17)	4.44 (0.21)	0.37	0.97
	Standard	3.89 (0.19)	3.57 (0.17)	−0.32	−0.37
Staff						2.25	0.10
		Kindness	4.00 (0.28)	4.40 (0.31)	0.40 *	0.93
		Standard	3.51 (0.28)	3.56 (0.31)	0.05	0.09
Negative emotions
Parents						0.24	0.00
	Kindness	1.51 (0.19)	1.33 (0.16)	−0.18	−0.74
	Standard	1.74 (0.19)	1.59 (0.18)	−0.15	−0.53
Staff						6.81 *	0.01
		Kindness	1.82 (0.28)	1.39 (0.28)	−0.48 *	−0.90
		Standard	1.70 (0.31)	1.74 (0.31)	−0.26	−0.28

Before and after reflect pre vs. post media exposure of mean values and corresponding standard error of the mean [Mean(SEM)]. These are separated by participant subgroup. Results from mixed ANOVA are shown, with time (changes from baseline) treated as a within-subjects variable, and media condition treated as a between-subjects condition. The significance of change scores from before to after viewing for each program type was tested using least-significant differences tests (Bonferroni correction). Cohen’s d for repeated measures was used to effect sizes within each row. For full ANOVA results, please see Supplementary Table 2. The value of p indicates statistical significance of comparisons for either changes between the Kindness and Standard TV conditions (the interaction F) or within a viewing cohort (Bonferroni).

^* p < 0.05.