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. 2021 Jan 20;11:601639. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601639

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Copyright © 2021 Abu El-Asrar, Nawaz, Ahmad, De Zutter, Siddiquei, Blanter, Allegaert, Gikandi, De Hertogh, Van Damme, Opdenakker and Struyf

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Detection of pathologic new blood vessels, leukocytes and myofibroblasts in proliferative diabetic retinopathy epiretinal fibrovascular membranes. No labeling was observed in the negative control slide (the same procedure without the primary antibody) (A). Immunohistochemical staining for the endothelial cell marker CD31 showing pathologic new blood vessels in an epiretinal membrane from a patient with active neovascularization (B) and in a membrane from a patient with inactive involuted disease which is composed mostly of fibrous tissue (arrows) (C). Immunohistochemical staining for the leukocyte common antigen CD45 showing infiltrating leukocytes in the stroma (D). Immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) showing immunoreactivity in spindle-shaped myofibroblasts (E) (scale bar, 10 μm).