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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Biochem Sci. 2020 Oct 1;46(2):97–112. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.004

Figure 3. Detection and elimination of damaged lysosomes.

Figure 3.

Cell must be able to detect, repair and eliminate damaged lysosomes. Minor damage of the lysosomal membrane results in the calcium-dependent recruitment of ALIX and ESCRT-I, followed by the recruitment of ESCRT-III and VPS4. This results in the sealing or repair of the membrane by a mechanism yet to be characterized, although it has been suggested that may implicate the formation of luminal vesicles. Lysosomal damage that cannot be repaired by the ESCRT complex triggers the recruitment of galectins, which recruit adaptors to promote lysosome degradation via autophagy (lysophagy). In addition, galectin 8 and galectin 9 inactivate mTORC1 and activate AMPK, respectively, to further activate autophagy and modulate metabolism and removal of damaged lysosomes.