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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gut. 2020 Jul 20;70(3):620–621. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321949

Table 1.

Age-adjusted and multivariable associations of periodontal disease and tooth loss with esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma

Periodontal disease
 Number of tooth loss
No Yes P 0 1 ≥ 2 Ptrendd
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
 Case 134 65 123 25 51
 Person-year 11033730 997259 10205784 1037319 787886
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)a 1 (reference) 1.72 (1.27-2.33) 0.0005 1 (reference) 1.26 (0.81-1.95) 1.72 (1.22-2.42) 0.002
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b 1 (reference) 1.64 (1.21-2.24) 0.002 1 (reference) 1.24 (0.80-1.94) 1.64 (1.16-2.33) 0.005
 Multivariable- + smoking-adjusted HR (95% CI)c 1 (reference) 1.43 (1.05-1.96) 0.02 1 (reference) 1.16 (0.74-1.81) 1.42 (1.00-2.03) 0.05
Gastric adenocarcinoma
 Case 169 69 156 30 52
 Person-year 11033734 997265 10205789 1037326 787884
 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)a 1 (reference) 1.63 (1.22-2.18) 0.001 1 (reference) 1.14 (0.76-1.69) 1.43 (1.03-1.99) 0.03
 Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b 1 (reference) 1.60 (1.19-2.14) 0.002 1 (reference) 1.13 (0.76-1.69) 1.40 (1.00-1.94) 0.05
 Multivariable- + smoking-adjusted HR (95% CI)c 1 (reference) 1.52 (1.13-2.04) 0.006 1 (reference) 1.12 (0.75-1.67) 1.33 (0.95-1.86) 0.09

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.

a

Cox proportional hazards model stratified by age (continuous, month), cohort (NHS, HPFS), and study period (in 2-year intervals).

b

Further adjusted for race (white, nonwhite), history of diabetes mellitus (no, yes), BMI (<20, 20-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, ≥35 kg/m2), physical activity (in quintiles, MET-hr/wk), fruits (in quintiles, serving/d), vegetables (in quintiles, serving/d), red/processed meat (in quintiles, serving/d), alcohol (women: never, <3.5, 3.5-6.9, ≥7.0 g/d; men: never, <7.0, 7.0-13.9, ≥14.0 g/d), regular aspirin use (no, yes), anti-acid medication (no, yes), menopausal hormone therapy (premenopausal, postmenopausal never user/men, postmenopausal past user, postmenopausal current user), and physical examination within the past 2 years (no, yes).

c

Further adjusted for smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, current smoker) and smoking intensity (continuous, pack-year)

d

P for trend was calculated by using the median number of tooth loss in each category as an ordinal variable.