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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine. 2020 Nov 19;138:155360. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155360

Table 6-.

Change in serum, saliva and GCF concentrations of selected cytokines. Intra (before-after) and inter-group comparisons (Δ values).

Control NG+GP PD+GP T2DM+GP p-value among groups**
Median (25%-75%) p-value* Median (25%-75%) p-value* Median (25%-75%) p-value* Median (25%-75%) p-value*
IL-1β Serum −0.01 (−0.14; 0.14) A 0.48 0.01 (−0.09; 0.16) A 0.63 0.01 (−0.02; 0.19) A 0.26 0.01(−0.02; 0.35) A 0.60 0.32
Saliva 1.46 (−16.27; 37.24) A 0.69 −43.27 (−93.47; −6.83) B <0.01 −83.76 (−103.23; −13.89) B <0.01 −51.40 (−72.75; −8.68) B <0.01 <0.01
GCF −276.53 (−3533.53; 900.24) A 0.39 −8239.58 (−38693.97; −3061.17) B <0.01 −3957.10 (−13235.18; −2165.92) B <0.01 −9018.98 (−13495.31; −74.12) B <0.01 <0.01
IL-2 Serum 0.00 (−0.60; 0.00) A 0.38 −0.18 (−0.54; 0.35) A 0.55 0.00 (−0.66; 0.15) A 0.78 0.00 (−0.38; 0.05) A 0.44 0.91
Saliva −0.21 (−0.69; 5.02) A 0.42 0.40 (−7.74; 8.08) A 0.82 −2.97 (−8.48; 3.17) A 0.23 −0.88 (−3.3; 2.54) A 0.39 0.29
GCF 66.24 (−36.72; 270.41) A 0.06 131.76 (43.48; 199.52) A 0.02 96.50 (−59.47; 218.38) A 0.06 12.18 (−33.39; 123.52) A 0.21 0.49
IL-6 Serum −0.40 (−0.84; 0.54) A 0.36 0.48 (−1.70; 8.95) A 0.46 −0.01 (−0.36; 8.92) A 0.51 0.16 (−0.15; 3.98) A 0.06 0.18
Saliva 0.14 (−6.47; 13.44) A 0.73 −0.92 (−21.71; 3.22) A 0.30 −3.06 (−17.32, 6.13) A 0.28 0.12 (−2.18; 3.07) A 0.86 0.58
GCF 36.48 (−6.97; 96.11) A 0.20 −17.23 (−144.51; 23.88) A 0.19 −59.49 (−242.01; 41.20) A 0.06 −41.34 (−134.10; 96.95) A 0.69 0.16
IL-8 Serum −25.85 (−102.64; 15.08) A 0.15 206.57 (−99.06; 613.14) A 0.14 24.32 (−59.11; 468.21) A 0.21 19.86 (−1.34; 768.42) A 0.03* 0.07
Saliva −94.46 (−1327.85; 1901.91) A 0.82 −184.08 (−1221.92; 731.00) A 0.65 −278.25 (−2965.76; 9803.98) A 0.92 −1291.36 (−9631.41; 0.00) A 0.07 0.37
GCF 39119.20 (−11783.69; 133841.02) A 0.10 480.61 (−94788.22; 121880.00) A 0.92 −7209.80 (−139724.09; 34608.14) A 0.49 2553.40 (−26080.92; 81006.00) A 0.47 0.51
IL-5 Serum 0.00 (−0.43; 0.02) A 0.58 −0.02 (−0.47, 0.12) A 0.55 0.01 (−0.02; 0.17) A 0.30 0.00 (−0.11; 0.07) A 0.72 0.57
Saliva 0.30 (−0.78; 1.44) A 0.36 0.56 (−0.40; 0.81) A 0.39 −0.40 (−1.99; 0.52) A 0.69 0.19 (−0.72; 0.58) A 0.69 0.64
GCF 4.31 (−2.95; 14.22) A 0.04 2.74 (−3.75; 3.10) A 0.95 1.69 (−4.08; 6.79) A 0.49 2.75 (−7.24; 8.94) A 0.53 0.47
IL-4 Serum 0.00 (−1.50; 0.55) A 0.53 0.00 (−1.28; 1.92) A 0.82 0.00 (0.00; 0.58) A 0.57 0.00 (−0.74; 0.55) A 0.95 0.79
Saliva 1.24 (−1.33; 2.66) A 0.28 0.40 (−3.88; 9.45) A 0.69 −2.24 (−8.24; 2.81) A 0.33 0.26 (−7.28; 1.77) A 0.60 0.51
GCF 40.99 (−6.39; 116.89) A <0.01 95.42 (23.83; 115.43) A 0.06 50.39 (−24.52; 101.31) A 0.03 38.11 (−25.91; 124.25) A 0.06 0.78
IL-10 Serum 0.24 (−0.94; 1.72) A 0.73 0.04 (−0.90; 1.11) A 0.91 −0.01 (−0.80; 0.52) A 0.80 0.00 (−2.69; 1.74) A 0.85 0.94
Saliva −0.39 (−2.30; 2.78) A 0.97 0.07 (−6.17; 1.84) A 0.60 −0.11 (−2.02; 4.6) A 0.65 −0.26 (−4.86; 1.28) A 0.57 0.83
GCF 29.28(16.72; 70.69) A 0.10 35.96 (23.95; 86.44) A 0.17 28.60 (12.85; 61.23) A 0.77 49.86 (16.12; 159.59) A 0.12 0.08
IFN-γ Serum 0.00 (−0.17; 0.11) A 0.72 −0.06 (−0.23; 0.00) A 0.15 0.00 (0.00; 0.06) A 0.28 0.00 (−0.30; 0.03) A 0.87 0.19
Saliva 0.00 (−0.34; 0.61) A 0.59 0.00 (−0.38; 0.94) A 0.92 −0.15 (−0.83; 0.58) A 0.39 0.12 (0.00; 0.70) A 0.18 0.67
GCF 0.00 (0.00; 0.00) A 0.31 −12.58 (−29.95; −0.69) B <0.01 −3.59 (−11.38; 0.00) AB 0.01 −0.78 (−9.00; 0.00) AB 0.05 <0.01
GM-CSF Serum −0.07 (−14.11; 3.00) A 0.77 0.01 (−7.53; 1.76) A 0.97 0.08 (−0.44; 0.69) A 0.59 0.00 (−2.71; 2.75) A 0.69 0.94
Saliva 0.36 (−6.03; 8.32) A 0.86 −0.35 (−8.72; 2.14) A 0.65 −0.26 (−6.27; 2.03) A 0.42 0.34 (−0.66; 2.38) A 0.57 0.95
GCF 43.99 (−5.67; 208.70) A 0.30 8.03 (−45.58; 27.94) A 0.82 −8.70 (−49.50; 44.74) A 0.77 −13.61 (−100.85; 27.07) A 0.33 0.12
TNF-α Serum −0.12 (−2.02; 0.97) A 0.43 −0.14 (−2.42; 1.21) A 0.86 0.03 (0.00; 1.21) A 0.10 0.00 (−0.19; 0.68) A 0.64 0.45
Saliva 0.65 (−3.51; 8.81) A 0.65 1.26 (−9.44; 8.37) A 0.69 −5.33 (−8.78; 2.64) A 0.15 0.24 (−9.21; 2.67) A 0.07 0.43
GCF −30.05 (−90.74; 20.60) A 0.25 −129.39 (−349.19; −73.84) A 0.05 −126.52 (−260.01; 62.55) A 0.06 −11.84 (−236.53; 25.00) A 0.10 0.34

NG, normoglycemic; PD, pre-diabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GP, generalized periodontitis;

*

Wilcoxon test, p-value for intra-group comparison between baseline and follow-up;

**

Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn test with Bonferroni correction, p-value for comparison among groups, different capital letters denote statistically different groups