Table 5.
Breakdown of Children’s Medial Prefrontal Outcomes.
| Variable | df | Sum of squares | Mean square | F ratio | p value | Partial eta-squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block | 2 | 73.441 | 36.720 | 0.990 | 0.382 | 0.055 |
| Block × condition | 4 | 313.108 | 78.277 | 2.110 | 0.101 | 0.199 |
| Block × grade | 2 | 64.288 | 32.144 | 0.866 | 0.430 | 0.048 |
| Block × condition × grade | 4 | 501.445 | 125.361 | 3.379 | ,020a | 0.284 |
| Scale | 1 | 9.763 | 9.763 | 2.917 | 0.106 | 0.146 |
| Scale × condition | 2 | 4.817 | 2.408 | 0.720 | 0.501 | 0.078 |
| Scale × grade | 1 | 3.613 | 3.613 | 1.080 | 0.313 | 0.060 |
| Scale × condition × grade | 2 | 13.478 | 6.739 | 2.014 | 0.164 | 0.192 |
| Block × scale | 2 | 16.910 | 8.455 | 4.373 | .020b | 0.205 |
| Block × scale × condition | 4 | 9.930 | 2.482 | 1.284 | 0.296 | 0.131 |
| Block × scale × grade | 2 | 22.289 | 11.144 | 5.763 | .007c | 0.253 |
| Block × scale × condition × grade | 4 | 18.998 | 4.750 | 2.456 | 0.064 | 0.224 |
| Condition | 2 | 1.872 | 0.936 | 0.026 | 0.974 | 0.003 |
| Grade | 1 | 2.699 | 2.699 | 0.076 | 0.786 | 0.004 |
| Condition × grade | 2 | 43.626 | 21.813 | 0.615 | 0.552 | 0.067 |
Increased activation during feedback was greatest in second-grade children within the auditory feedback condition.
Driven by significantly greater activation during large- compared to small-scale estimations during the prefeedback condition.
The block × scale interaction above was exacerbated within second- compared to third-grade children.