Table 4.
Heterogeneity in effect sizes and directionality of effect for studies meeting pre-specified criteria for cognitive, social, and sensory domains.
| Domain | Study | Paradigm | Dom | Sub | Mean Diff. | Pooled SD | g | Dom v. Sub |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | Varholick et al., 2019 | Novel object discrimination | 26 | 26 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.88 | < |
| Varholick et al., 2018 | Novel object discrimination | 10 | 7 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.07 | < | |
| Fitchett et al., 2009 | T-Maze | 9 | 9 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Fear conditioning | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Morris water maze | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Lashley III Maze | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Odor Discrimination | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Fitchett et al., 2005a | T-Maze | 6 | 6 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.65 | > | |
| Social | Zhou et al., 2017 | Social memory | – | – | – | – | – | = |
| Kunkel and Wang, 2018 | Social memory | 8 | 8 | 15.14 | 11.38 | 1.39 | > | |
| Sensory | Vekovishcheva and Sukhotina, 2000 | Hot-plate | 6 | 6 | 0 | 1.86 | 0 | = |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Hot-plate | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Balance beam | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Grip strength | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = | |
| Zhou et al., 2017 | Grip strength | – | – | – | – | – | = | |
| Colas-Zelin et al., 2012 | Balance pole | 8 | 8 | – | – | – | = |
Data ordered by direction of effect and ascending Hedge's g, similar to forest plots. The directionality in the dominance subordinance relationship is noted in the “Dom vs. Sub” column and does not necessarily reflect statistical significance. Also, studies marked with a “=” sign in the “Dom vs. Sub” column did not report values in their study but reported that there was no significant difference between groups. A Hedge's g-value of more than 1 indicates a difference >1 standard deviation.