Table 1.
Chemical, biological, trapping, and novel/genetic methods tested against Aedes aegypti populations within the United States
| Class | Target | Active Ingredient | Product | Application Rate | Application Method | Year | State | Type | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | VectoBacWG | 0.56 kg product in 4.7 liter water/ha | Aerial spray | 2011 | Florida | Field and Operational Experiments | Pruszynski et al. 2017 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | VectoBac WDG | 1 kg/ha | Handheld thermal fogger | 2015 | Florida | Semi-field and Field | Knapp et al. 2018 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | VectoBac GR | 1.1 kg/1,000 m2 | Backpack sprayer | 2014 | Florida | Semi-field | Harwood et al. 2015 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | Sustain MGB | 0.9 kg/1,000 m2 | Backpack sprayer | 2014 | Florida | Semi-field | Harwood et al. 2015 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | VectoBac WDG | 34 g granules in 7.5 liter watei; applied at 1 1/1,000 m2 | Backpack sprayer | 2014 | Florida | Semi-field | Harwood et al. 2015 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | Aquabac XT | 82 ml in 7.5 liter water, applied at 1 liter/1,000 m2 | Backpack sprayer | 2014 | Florida | Semi-field | Harwood et al. 2015 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis | Vectobac WGD | 0.5 lb/acre | Aerial spray and truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Operational | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Chlorpyrifos | Dursban 10CR | 1 pellet/container | Applied by hand | 1979 | Texas | Operational | Micks and Moon 1980 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Pyriproxyfen | Nyguard IGR | 164 ml/ha in spray 1, 329 ml/ha in sprays 2 and 3 | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2012 | Florida | Field-Trial | Doud et al. 2014 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Spinosad | Natular 2EC | 182.6 ml/ha | Backpack sprayer | 2016 | California | Field-Trial | Golden et al. 2018 |
| Chemical | Larvae | Spinosad | Natular 2EC | 79.5 ml/acre | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | Aldridge et al. 2018 |
| Chemical | Adults | Deltamethrin | DeltaGard | 1.3 liter/km | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2013 | California | Field-Trial | Cornel et al. 2016 |
| Chemical | Adults | Deltamethrin | DeltaGard | 0.0035 lb/acre | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Deltamethrin | DeltaGard | 0.007 lb/acre | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Deltamethrin | DeltaGard | 0.007 lb/acre | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Operational | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Etofenprox | Zenivex | 0.0035 lb/acre | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Etofenprox | Zenivex | 396.9 ml/km | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2013 | California | Field-Trial | Cornel et al. 2016 |
| Chemical | Adults | Malathion | 91% malathion + heavy aromatic naphtha | 48 ml/ha | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 1982 | Louisiana | Operational | Focks et al. 1987 |
| Chemical | Adults | Malathion | Undisclosed | Undisclosed | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 1979 | Texas | Field-Trial | Micks and Moon 1980 |
| Chemical | Adults | Naled | Dibrom | 0.1 lb/acre | Aerial spray | 2016 | Florida | Operational | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Permethrin + PBO | Biomist | 0.0035 lb/acre | Backpack sprayer and truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Chemical | Adults | Pyrethrin + PBO | Evergreen EC 60–6 | 573.2 ml/km | Truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2013 | California | Field-Trial | Cornel et al. 2016 |
| Chemical | Adults | Sumithrin + Prallethrin | Duet | 0.0035 lb/acre | Backpack sprayer and truck-mounted ULV sprayer | 2016 | Florida | Field-Trial | McAllister et al. 2020 |
| Class | Target | Classification | Species | Additional Agents Used | Release Rate/Method | Year | State | Type | Citation |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Arthropod | Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus | N/A | 1–2 Tx. added per container | 1980 | Louisiana | Field-Trial | Focks et al. 1982 |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Arthropod | Toxorhynchites amboinensis | N/A | 10 releases of between 56 and 521 each males and females | 1981 | Louisiana | Field-Trial | Focks et al. 1983b |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Arthropod | Toxorhynchites amboinensis | 2:1 mixture 91% malathion + heavy aromatic naphtha | 1,600 females released/week for 14 wk | 1983 | Louisiana | Field-Trial | Focks et al. 1986 |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Arthropod | Toxorhynchites moctezuma | Mesocyclops longisetus | Naturally occuring Tx. moctezuma populations tested | 2007 | Texas | Field-Trial | Uejio et al. 2014 |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Arthropod | Toxorhynchites splendens | N/A | 13,000 adult Tx. splendens released throughout two years of study | 1989–1990 | Florida | Field-Trial | Schreiber and Jones 1994 |
| Biological | Larvae | Larvivorous Fish | Gambusia holbrooki | Kerosene | 40–50 Gambusia/cistern | 1939 | Florida | Operational | LeVan 1941 |
| Biological | Larvae | Copepod | Macrocyclops albidus | N/A | 10 or 100 copepods/container | 1999 | Florida | Semi-Field | Rey et al. 2004 |
| Biological | Larvae | Copepod | Macrocyclops albidus | N/A | 150 copepods added/container | 2000–2002 | Florida | Field-Trial | Rey et al. 2004 |
| Biological | Larvae | Copepod | Macrocyclops albidus | N/A | Poured/sprayed with backpack sprayers | 1994 | Louisiana | Operational | Marten et al. 1994 |
| Biological | Larvae | Copepod | Mesocyclops longisetus | N/A | Poured/sprayed with backpack sprayers | 1994 | Louisiana | Operational | Marten et al. 1994 |
| Biological | Larvae | Copepod | Mesocyclops longisetus | Toxorhynchites moctezuma | ~150 M. longisetus added | 2007 | Texas | Field-Trial | Uejio et al. 2014 |
| Biological | Larvae | Microsporidian | Edhazardia aedis | N/A | 6 infected larvae/container in inoculative trials; 25 infected larvae/container in inundative release trials | 1996 | Florida | Semi-Field | Becnel 2000 |
| Class | Target | Trap Type | Other Chemical Agents Involved | No. Traps Employed | Year | State | Type | Citation | |
| Trapping | Larvae | Autocidal ovitraps | N/A | 330 traps, two placed per premisis | 1977–1978 | Texas | Field-Trial | Cheng et al. 1982 | |
| Trapping | Larvae/Adults | In2Care Trap | Pyriproxifen, Beauveria bassiana | Four/enclosure for dissemination trials | 2015 | Florida | Semi-Field | Buckner et al. 2017 | |
| Trapping | Larvae/Adults | CDC Autocidal Gravid Trap | Autocidal oviposition substrate and adhesive | One trap/household, 144 households | 2014 | California | Field-Trial | Cornel et al. 2016 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits | 1% boric acid, 0.1% fipronil | Six traps/enclosure | Not Listed | Florida | Semi-Field | Xue et al. 2008 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Propane-1 Trap | CO2 | One trap/night for two nights | 1996 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Portable CO2 Trap | CO2 | One trap/night for four nights (Ae. aegypti only tested one night) | 1997 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Portable Propane trap | CO2 | One trap/night for 30 nights (Ae. aegypti only tested for 19 nights) | 1998 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Mosquito Magnet Beta-1 | CO2 and l-octen-3-ol | One trap/night for 25 nights (Ae. aegypti only tested for six nights) | 1999 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Mosquito Magnet Beta-2 | CO2 and l-octen-3-ol | One trap/night for 11 nights | 1999 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Trapping | Adults | Mosquito Magnet | CO2 | One trap/night for 9 nights | 1996 | Florida | Semi-Field | Kline 2002 | |
| Class | Target | Technique | Year | State | Type | Citation | |||
| Genetic/Novel | Adults/Larvae | Sterile Insect Technique | 1960–1961 | Florida | Operational | Morlan et al. 1962 | |||
| Genetic/Novel | Adults/Larvae | Wolbachia-ba.sed SIT | Ongoing | California | Operational | Consolidated Mosquito Abatement District 2019b | |||
| Genetic/Novel | Adults/Larvae | Wolbachia-based SIT | 2018 | Florida | Operational | Mains et al. 2019 | |||
| Genetic/Novel | Larvae | Autodissemination Augmented by Males (ADAM) | 2018 | Florida and California | Operational | Brelsfoard et al. 2019 |
For this paper, semifield experiments are defined as those conducted outdoors in an enclosed or otherwise artificial environment exposed to ambient conditions; field experiments are those that are conducted outdoors using either caged or wild individuals, but strictly for research purposes and not for the control of local wild populations; and operational treatments are those that are employed and evaluated as part of a control procedure with the purpose of controlling wild populations. Only experiments where insects were exposed to ambient conditions in the CONUS are included, as laboratory assays often cannot reproduce these conditions as effectively as field studies.